Loreals New Product Development Strategy Marketing Essay

Loreals New Product Development St come ingy grocery store EssayThis report is based on LOreals spick-and-span harvest-home ontogenesis system and the way they set out supremacyfully managed to achieve considerable food merchandise sh ars by means of consistent RD efforts. The exemplar continues with an insight into LOreals cornerstones that have been a success among the diverse discussion sections of the world-wide trade.LOreal has non unaccompanied followed a comprehensive, long bound RD strategy that has gisted in creating ripe break done merchandises resembling Fructis, nevertheless it has besides tried to sustain its balance between RD and marketing user interface. bon ton everywhereviewLOreal UK is the Groups fourth largest subsidiary in Europe and fifth in the change and has been present in the UK for 75 years. Also A signifi corporationt sham in the UK cosmetics market, turnover in 2006 reached 626 million and 67% of women in the UK occasion on e or more LOreal growth. Approximately 170 million units were produced at the Llantrisant factory in 2006 and nearly 70% of the factory output is exported. oversea Recent investments have included a biological waste urine treatment plant and more efficient heating, ventilation and lighting systems.The untested distribution centre adjacent to the factory covers an area of over 18,000m2 and feces house up to 10 million outputs and 300 people are go fored at the factory. 25% of the permanent staff has worked for LOreal for over 20 years. (www.loreal.co.uk)IntroductionInnovation is the to the highest degree crucial stage for a party and it carries significant risk in the place setting of product failures that skill give right later their plant in the market. The product failure rate can be as low as 30% and as high as 90% in this regard. (Antil, J.1988). The global market is characterised by various taste patterns of consumers. Therefore in the face of rapidly ever-changi ng consumer tastes, technology and competition, companies should continuously provide the global market with naked products that cope with all segments of the market. This requires systematic Research Development and re bracing-sprung(prenominal)ing by companies in methodicalness to throw self-made products that have a considerable market demand. In the case of LOreal, the familiarity has always tried to be innovating through their RD efforts. The case sites the example of LOreals Feria range that was exclusively innovated for Asian people. Product innovation is a difficult task and it requires careful planning by the company based on the above mentioned factors.Today the global market is a fiercely competitive environment in which the important tooshie for companies is to get d accept increasing returns to scale while minimizing / lowering costs of production with gigantic secureness and flexibility (Kotabe, 1990). LOreal as an international chain tries to achieve the se targets through its consistent RD innovations in order to create products that are marketable throughout all international market.LOreals RD innovation expends intimately 20% more for virgin product development as compared to its competitors such as Procter seek and Unilever, occupying round one position in the market.Why is brisk innovation so important for a company like LOrealLOreal is a well found company in excogitate business and in order to bind its superior standing in the global market, it has to concentrate on the strategies it employs for innovation. The speed at which fashion markets change is very high, with very presently product life cycles. Many fashion items have product cycles as short as half a year, or even a some weeks. Consumers preferences depend on the season, on the social and cultural environment and on the effects of previous marketing communication for fashion items or transform products (Mintel, 2005). Responding in a timely way to these c hanging demands is vital for success. Moreover, without new products, firms will certainly be at a stand til now And Research also highlights that early entry of new products can result in competitive advantage and long term market dominance.The characteristics of the fashion industry require companies to make strategic choices about factors such as quality, speed, technology, price and flexibility these factors define the positioning of a company (Abell, 1993). tipple upon the information provided in the case study, it can be suggested that LOreal operates in the take in end of the fashion market with clear market positioning.LOreals targeted market segments can be characterised as fashion trend-setters, and these are the customers in the high and long suit segments. They demand products with innovative styles, with lift-level quality by scientists and shapeers that have built the temper of powerful brands. It should be noticed that firms that operate in the mass segment wh ich targets fashion followers tend to imitate the high performing products of top brands like LOreal and therefore the competitive advantage of top brands recedes over time, do product lifecycle short. Given the high quality expected of its products and the short product life cycle prevailing in fashion, LOreal has adopted a vertical integration, which afforded it a full control of quality and operations (Erica Stefania, 2004).Therefore, innovation is a critical and complex subroutine that has a direct impact on the companys prestige, which justifies the importance of such developments. Therefore LOreal has to come up with such innovations that not only appeal to the various segments of the global market, but also conjure up the companys position once they penetrate the market. hence LOreal would have to invest to a outstanding extent in the plunge of new products and be confident about the usefulness, market king and practicality of these products..Moreover, victorious in novation is likely to earn LOreal a superior market deal and turnover, increasing the value of the company. Also, LOreal has been a front demarcation line of fashion and in order to keep up with the expectations of its consumers, the company has to lay in line new decrees that are cautiously exploreed and tested for their forte. For e.g. when the Japanese people were deteriorate of having black hair and required an alternative to western hair work due to their poor results, LOreal came up with an effective new hair verbalism that first bleached their hair and then dyed them according to their desired colour.Therefore it is clear that in order for a company like LOreal, operating in a volatile and turbulent fashion industry, to create a sustainable competitive advantage should have a degenerate innovative product development cycle. Because LOreal tries to grab the maximum market grapple through the introduction of innovative products that are not only different but also ca ter to the different segments of the international market.Problems of managing Innovation and has LOreal work out these problemsIn order to launch new products successfully, companies like LOreal have to take place a great deal of time and energy in research and development. Thinking profitable/effective new ideas and implementing them are the core issues to be addressed and in this regard LOreals RD performs the task of coming up with successful innovations while the implementation lies in the hands of how these innovations are marketed. If LOreal launches a new product that cannot be marketed effectively, the RD efforts would be marked as inefficient and useless. onwards entry or marketing any new product topically or internationally, a company has to be accredited as shooting that its innovation would be differentiated from other products and is based on consumers preferences. Such ideas are just about likely initiated by marketing and then RD takes over the task. once the RD process is complete, the launch of new product requires the companys scientists/engineers to observe the market reality and employ different ways of marketing their product. Any negligence in this context would not only result in product failures once they are launched, but would also harm the companys image.For companies like LOreal which continue to thrive on innovation because good ties between marketing and RD to perform their activities during the process of launching innovative products in the global market.However, reality appears a bit complex because studies have shown that RD and marketing tend to have different perceptions and interpretations of the characteristics of a new product, particularly in terms of its technical innovation and the extent to which it affects the formal consumption patterns. In reality, marketing perceives a more critical parting of a new product for positioning in a market segment than RD. Also marketing perceives a higher degree of customiza tion of soulfulness products than RD. Wang and von Tunzelmann (1997)However, the need for long-term innovation always exists and the scientists need to be disposed some independence to design new formulas that are not unveil unless desired.The different views of innovation-marketing are influenced by their different personality, cultural background, time orientation, ambiguity, gross profit and level of detail of language used (Griffin and Hauser, 1996). Therefore for companies like LOreal the innovation-marketing interface necessarily to be managed in such a way that it satisfies twain the needfully of innovation as well as marketing.According to a study conducted by Wang in 1997 the innovation and marketing functions were found to have collaborated in accomplishing tasks in deuce-ace areas.* Conceptual development, identifying and evaluating relevant information* strategical development, market positioning and product differentiation* Implementation, Internal and external communication.For LOreal these three functions are an important consideration in the process of innovation without which innovations might involve a high degree of risk, resulting in product failures. Once the concept for new product is developed through thorough research, LOreal focuses on identifying its target market segments for effective market positioning followed by set a much greater emphasis on differentiating its products from its competitors like Procter Gamble and Unilever. Therefore it has to maintain a careful balance between fanciful innovation-marketing.An important link also exists between the innovation-marketing management. For instance, a strong couple between what is desired by customers and what is developed by LOreal would reduce the companys ability to predict market response to its new product. This would result in a reduced level of confidence on the effectiveness of marketing (Shankar, 1999). Therefore, in this context, a clear understanding of custome r needs would be adjuvant in determining a companys innovation timing. This means that by effective management of innovation and marketing interfaces, firms can come up with relegate strategies both in terms of resource allocation and entry timing.It has been seen that most companies that spend great deal of time and effort on innovation to come up with new ideas, have created such products that resulted in a technological break-through, captivating a huge market share.In case of LOreal, the company has been spending a lot on its innovation department, (spending about 20% greater than its competitors).LOreal employs 2500 chemists, biologists, pharmacists and the companys RD aims to deliver 2000 new ideas to its marketers in order to launch 2000 new products annually. It not only has to develop successful ideas, but also find a perfect marketing strategy that addresses the target markets for the new products, their positioning, sales, market share and profit goals at initial stages . It therefore tries to maintain the balance between creative innovation marketing.The company not only analyzes the marketability of its new products but also tests its effectiveness through its careful innovation process. For e.g. when the marketers desired a fruit based shampoo for the European market, LOreals RD took over the task and it took the company 10 years to come up with Fructis, which captured LOreal a 28% share in the European market alone. This was, in fact, a result of the long term RD efforts of the company and LOreal tries to follow a three-level strategy for efficient management of innovation to marketing interface. Also the company launched a sun lotion exclusively for children, the Ambre Solaire Childrens Sun Lotion, which took three years for its launch and development. Therefore LOreal has tried to solve most of the problems resulting from an imbalanced innovation-marketing interface and needs to lay a greater emphasis on satisfying the idiosyncratic needs o f innovation and marketing respectively. It needs to continue by having a clear focus of the technological innovations and fashion trends.LOreal takes on the new product development cover charge task during its innovation phase when the company evaluates ideas generated from its own advanced research and whatever is being done externally (outside the company). LOreal makes sure that in order to boost the excitement of its products among consumers it needs to evaluate the effectiveness of its new formulas and offer a clear benefit to the consumers in order to get it accepted by the masses. It was this new product development screening process that resulted in the launch of Ambre Solaire childrens sun lotion by LOreal after three years of full research, thus, coming up with a formula that offered maximum protection to childrens delicate skin that instilled the confidence of their parents in the new product.LOreal has tried to launch its products which are characterized by these thoro ugh screening processes, and it has succeeded to a considerable extent. However, during the screening process LOreal also needs to make sure that its new product developments are consistent with the companys objectives, that they are feasible in terms of product design and are suitable for the identified target markets.CONCLUSIONAfter analysing this case in great detail, both in terms of marketing literature and practical application, it can be undersood that global companies like LOreal have to keep in line with the technological changes as they bring about marked product or process design transformations. Innovation plays a significant role in this regard, without which any new formula/idea is unable to be processed into a tangible new product. This requires professional scientists/engineers to be hired by companies and LOreal expends a great deal on hiring such professionals who can come up with effective, innovative and marketable ideas.The need to respond quickly to the dynami c global market forces requires companies to integrate rapidly to the perceptions and needs of both product developers and potential consumers Therefore, in todays fierce global competition, it is tough to differentiate. products and companies are required to have equal knowledge about their target markets/segments locally as well as internationally. Therefore product screening is another important process that needs to be carried out by companies in order to have a closer look at competitive products and evaluate their own product demand and LOreal seems to stand out in this regard as it employs professionals who carefully monitor competitors products in great detail.All this needs to be synchronized with an effective marketing strategy that is in balance with innovation functions of the company, which in the end builds up new products image in the various targeted segments, hence, boosting the companys prestige. It is not easygoing to gain customer satisfaction without long ter m effort.

Physical and Psychosocial Problems of Radiation Therapy

Physical and Psychosocial Problems of ray of light TherapyIntroduction and groundThe word genus malignant neoplastic disease itself is traumatic in nature. It set up a psyche non unless personally further kindredwise psychologically, financially, culturally, socially, and spiritually and so forth accord to beingness Health Organization( WHO) report (2014), in 2012 worldwide 14.1 unity million million million prominents were diagnosed with crabby person, and among them 8.2 million were died. more thanover, doorknocker screwingcer is the fifth guide cause of demolition. In the USA, among all types of cancers the detractor cancer is the highest incidence tread because one in ten women is having titmouse cancer (Njeh, Saunders, Langton, 2012). converge cancer incidence change magnitude more than 20% (WHO Press give up, 2013). Furthermore, cancer is also one of the leading causes of deaths in the developing countries. In Pakistan, the close frequently diag nosed cancer is pinhead cancer for females. The incidence of face cancer is higher in westward countries but Pakistan has the highest rate of face cancer among all the Asian countries, (Pink ornamentation Pakistan). It is estimated that 1 in 9 Pakistani women will develop booby cancer at some stage of their manners. (Shokat Khanum Cancer Hospital and research Center). The cancer affected constituent of suffers a lot from the fleshly and psychosocial problems not only because of the disease process but also from the sermon related problems. As, one out of two patients with cancer regard psychiatric disorder peculiarly depression (Reyes-Gibby, Anderson, Morrow, Shete Hassan, 2012 Spoletini, et al, 2008).There be certain word modalities for cancer such(prenominal) as surgery, chem another(prenominal)apy and radiotherapy. Each of them is potential to produce variant threats for the cancer patient. radiation therapy is also an important handling performed before and later surgery which also has various harmful printings on the patient. Beside that it is significant part of cancer treatment but its electric shock on patients tincture of living sentence and nursing management is less addressed in literature. According to Welle, (1998) radiotherapy patients are perceived as self-caring and their take are not taken treat of.However, numerous researches fork over been conducted nationally and internationally to distinguish the different problems and their intervention of the cancer patients treated with chemotherapy and surgery. As a reply evidence based body of knowledge have been generated this is contributing in timberland nursing safeguard and health teaching, contacting on the patients flavor of carriage. Moreover, some of the international studies highlighted the problems strikingnessd by the patients receiving radiation therapy but as per my best knowledge very little work has been make in the field of nursing to remedy thes e problems. Most importantly, in the scope of Pakistan very little work has been done pertinent to this issue.However this domain is significant to contribute in the existing body of knowledge for nurses to treat for breast cancer patient more holistically. Moreover, this resume may be helpful to develop the teaching material for patients receiving radiotherapy to enhance their feel of life. In addition, the findings of this try will be helpful for nurses working in Pakistan.This study may improve the teaching interventions of nurses caring for cancer patients in government hospital and may have positive effect on their knowledge, attitude, and skill pertinent to RT.PurposeThe aim of this paper is to observe the physical and psychosocial problem of the patient pertinent to radiation therapy, as well as the nursing management and health teaching for the patients for enhancement of their quality of life. theatre of operations QuestionsQuestion 1 What are the different physica l and psychological problems of the breast cancer patients undergoing RT in Pakistani context?Question 2 Is in that respect any association between RT and compromised quality of life of the patient.Question 3 What kind of health teaching is necessary for the nurse to strain the patient before and aft(prenominal) RT?Question 4 what are the feeling and perceptions of breast cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy ?Data sourcesThe review of literature was conducted through info bases CINAHL PubMed , Mosbys Nursing Consult, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were search for published research articles applicable to this paper. The combination of the following key terms was used to retrieve relevant literature by punching physical/psychological problems, breast cancer, problems with radiation therapy, quality of life, patient education etc. Search generated 283 articles, 52 duplicate results excluded. Through a selection process title and abstract screened, among those 20 were form to be relevant to the topic.Literature review shaft of light therapy is one of the options totreat the cancer, uses high-energy x-rays or gamma rays targeted at the tumorto shrink the tumors or kill cancer cells(Radvansky, Pace, Siddiqui, 2013). During the incline of the treatment most two-thirdsof patients will undergo radiation therapy(Guo et al. 2013).According toPotthoff et al (20013). More than 90% of all breast cancer patients receive adjuvant radiotherapy, given over after breast conserving surgery as well as after mastectomy to avoid recurrence of cancer. Darby et al (2011) found in their meta-analysis study that RT after breast conserving surgery reduces 15-year risk of breast cancer death rate from 252%. This widely used therapy has its side cause like other cancer treatments it is also potential for causing great physical as well as psychosocial problems as other cancer treatment do (Egestad, 2013).Physical problems related to radiation therapy for breast cancer patientsRadiation therapy affects cancer and dominion cells equally within the treated area, result in injuryof the cells which lead to side effects. The radiation therapy induced side effects take on unclothe and mucous membrane toxicities, calmlessness, pain, swelling, dyspnoea, cough and nausea. (Rose, 2011 Darby et al, 2011 Adams, 2009Currie Wheat 2006 Gordils-Perez,Duell,2003).Skin problems are the most frequent side effect among all and nearly 85%95% of patients receiving radiation therapy will develop some degree of skin equipment casualty (Bergstrom, 2011). There are many long term side effects of breast irradiation like cosmetic changes hyper pigmentation, fibrosis, lymphedema, and damage to underlying normal structures (Perez,Duell,2003). Therefore it is very important to remedy this problem because this side effect of radiation therapy limits the patients ability to tolerate the treatment (Currie,Wheat, 2006).In their study Potthoff et al (20013) .reported that 80% o f the patients hold fatiguewho receive RT. They delimit fatigue is a persistent, subjective sense of tiredness related to cancer or cancer treatment that interferes with usual functioning and that is usually not relieved with reliever and is not related to an excessive amount of activity (p.3).In another qualitative study Poirier, (2011) found out that fatigue is also very jet in patient getting radiation therapy and it affects their role functioning in daily life. In this way the fatigue may affect the quality of life of the patient. Another side effect of RT is reported in of the studies is sleep disturbance. According to the study conducted by Dhruva, et al (2012).approximately 50% breast cancer patients reported sleep disturbance at the initiation of radiation therapy. feature of life of the patientsBreast cancer due to its poor prognosis and treatment related problems affect the quality of life of the patient. Kirchheiner et al. (2013) reported that mean QOL in the total co hort is 5827% (100% indicates excellent QOL) (p.425). Similar to other treatment choice RT related side effects also have impact on the quality of life of the patient. The quality of life is defined by WHO (1997) concept affected in complex way by the persons health, psychological state, and direct of independence (p.1). As the matter Cancer Institute (2011). Mentioned that 38% of all women diagnosed with breast cancer experience abandoned symptoms resulting from the disease and its treatment. Therefore, the side effects of RT affect the quality of life of the patient (Currie, Wheat, 2006). In addition, sleep disturbance is another problem found to be an important contributor in affecting the quality of life of the patient. In this connection, a study conducted by Graydon (1994) highlighted that sleep disturbance and weary were the main areas of the life of women affected by RT. Since the fatigue, influence the physical, cognitive and worked up aspects and the prevalence ranges from 30-70% in women with breast cancer, reaching up to 80% when they are undergoing radiotherapy (Alcantara-Silva, Freitas-Junior, Freitas, Machado, 2013). This is one of the most frequent side effects of radiotherapy, and it may interfere with egotism, social activities and quality of life.Moreover, the fatigue and pain related to radiation therapy may affect the sexuality of the patient by decreasing the go for and arousal and skin changes including burns and tattoos affecting body image and self-esteem (Varela, Zhou, Bober, 2013 Mercadante Vitrano Catania , 2010). These symptoms lead to compromised quality of life of the patient. In this regard nurses need to give the high quality care by addressing the all aspect of patient life to enhance the QOL of their patients undergoing RT. Moreover, with the advancement of health science the patients expectquality oflife (QOL) beyond just survivaltherapyPsychological problemsThe women diagnosed with breast cancer have remarkable i mpact on her psychological well being. As Halkett , Kristjanson , and Lobb (2008) highlighted that women with breast cancer receiving radiotherapy, experience many kinds of fears like fear of unknown and getting burnt, damage to intrinsic body parts, and anticipating tiredness. These kinds of fears may threaten the women which may have negative impact on compliance with the treatment. Rose, (2011) highlighted that patient may feel high level of stress at the start RT because of unfamiliar technology, potential side effects and being in an environment with other cancer patients.Moreover, the outcome of the study of Reyes-Gibby et al. (2012) shown that depression among women was positively associated with symptoms of disease and treatment. Thus the diagnosis and treatment can have a profound influence on a cleaning womans psychosocial and overall well-being.Role of nurse in RT patients care and educationThe above mentioned literature suggests that patients who receive radiation ther apy face significant challenges and require care during the period of their treatment. Nurses are direct care provider in any health care setting. They play a significant role in their specialized field in various health care settings. Therefore, they can play a significant role in improving quality of life of the cancer treatment recipients. During the RT course, patients may go through many complex physical and/or activated responses (Rose, 2011). A randomized trial study conducted by Christman, Cain, (2004) concluded that patients receiving concrete objective information reported maintaining higher levels of usual function than those not receiving. Furthermore, giving information or so symptom experiences helped them to mentally prepare uncertainty about their symptom experiences. Oncology nurses need to own the responsibility of their patient and identify the patient need. The Meta analytical findings support the usefulness ofpsychosocial interventions for improving QoL in a dult cancer patients.In this regard a comprehensive nursing care of the patient can improve the physical as well as psychological care of the patients.Importance of Patient educationProviding cancer patients with enamour information regarding their treatments, side effects of treatment and coping strategies allows them to feel more control over disease and its related problems. It helps them make better choices of treatment modalities ( Barnett, et al. 2004). The study findings of Zeguers et al (1012) highlighted that now the RT patients want comprehensive information about their disease, treatment, and procedures, side effects, and prognosis with the mean scores between 4.1 and 4.4 on a scale from 1 to 5. In contrast ,Barnett, et al. (2004). Emphasized that information needs vary among different individual therefore, a patient-centred approach must implicate according to the tolerance and need of the patient.ReferenceAdams, L. (2009). Managing Side nitty-grittys inRadiation Ther apy Patients.Radiation therapist, 18(2)Alcantara-Silva, T. R.1., Freitas-Junior, R., Freitas, N. M., Machado, G.D. (2013) daunt related to radiotherapy for breast and/or gynaecological cancer a systematic review. Journal of Clinical Nurse. 22(19-20). 2679-86.Christman, N. J., Cain, L. B. (2004)The Effects of Concrete Objective study and Relaxation on Maintaining Usual Activity During Radiation Therapy. Oncology nursing gathering 31( 2) 39-44Currie G, Wheat J.(2006) Wheatgrass extract as a topical skin agent for acute radiation skin toxicity in breast radiation therapy. Joumal of the Australian Traditional-Medicine Society12(l)711.Gilani, S. Kamal, A. S. Akhter, G. M., Kamal, A. S. Akhter, S., Akhter, A. S. (2003). A differential study of breast cancer patients in Punjab, Pakistan.Journal of Pakistan checkup Association, 53(10), 1-3.Graydon, J. E. (1994). Women with breast cancer their quality of life following a course of radiation therapy. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 19(4), 617-622.Guo, Z., Tang, H., Li, H., Tan, S., Feng, K., Huang, Y., Bu, Q., Jiang, W. (2013). The benefits of psychosocial interventions for cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 11(121), 1-12.doi http//www.hqlo.com/content/11/1/121Dhruva, A., Paul, S. M., Cooper, B. A., Lee, K., West, C., Aouizerat, B. E., Dunn, L. B., Swift, P. S., Wara, W., Miaskowski, C., (2012). A Longitudinal Study of Measures of Objective and Subjective Sleep Disturbance in Patients with Breast Cancer Before, During, and After Radiation Therapy.Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 44(2)Darby, S., McGale, P., Correa, C., Taylor, C., Arriagada, R., Clarke, M., Cutter, D.,Davies, C., Ewertz, M., Godwin, J., Gray, R., Pierce, L., Whelan, T., Wang, Y., Peto, R. (2011). Effect of radiotherapy after breast-conserving surgery on 10-yearrecurrence and 15-year breast cancer death meta-analysis of individualpatient data for 10,801 women in 17 randomised trials. Lancet 378170716.R eyes-Gibby, C. C., Anderson, K. O., Morrow, P. K., Shete, S., Hassan, S. (2012). Depressive symptoms and health-related quality of life in breast cancer survivors.JOURNAL OF WOMENS HEALTH, 21(3), 1-9.Njeh, C. F., Saunders, M. W., Langton, C. M. (2012). Accelerated partial breast irradiation using external beam conformal radiation therapy A review. vituperative Reviews in Oncology/Hematology, 81, 1-20.National Cancer Institute. (2011). Surveillance Epidemiology and EndResults (SEER) stat fact sheets Breast. Retrieved fromhttp//seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/breast.htmlPotthoff, K., Schmidt, M. E, Wiskemann, J., Hof, H., Klassen, O., Habermann, N., Beckhove, P.,Debus1,J. Ulrich, C. M.Steindorf, K. (2013). randomize controlled trial to evaluate the effects of forward resistance training compared to progressive muscle relaxation in breast cancer patients undergoing adjuvant radiotherapy.Bio Medical CentralCancer 13(1),162. 2- 11ShaukatKhanum Memorial Cancer Hospital Research Centr e Breast cancer awareness month. Retrieved on February, 10th 2014 from http//www.shaukatkhanum.org.pk/news-a-events/events/228.htmlRadvansky, L.J., Pace, M.B., Siddiqui, A., (2013)Prevention and management of radiation- induced dermatitis, mucositis, and xerostomia. American Journal of Health System Pharm. 70(12)1025-1032.Rose, P. (2011). The experience of receiving radiation therapy.Australian Journal of Cancer Nursing.12 (1)Poirier, P (2011) The Impact of Fatigue on Role Functioning During Radiation Therapy Oncology Nursing Forum38, (4)Gordils-Perez, J., Duell, R. W.(2003)Advances in Radiation Treatmentof Patients With Breast Cancer.clinical journal of oncology nursing7( 6 ) 629-638Spoletini, I., Gianni, W., Repetto, L., Bria, P., Caltagirone, C., Bossu, P., Spalletta, G. (2008). belief and cancer An unexplored and unresolved emergent issue in elder patients.Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology 65 143155Pink Ribbon Pakistan. Retrieved from http//www.pinkribbon.org.pk/?p=377Va rela, V. S., Zhou, E. S., Bober, S. L., (2013).Management of sexual problems in cancer patients and survivors.CurrProbl Cancer 3719352Wells, M. (1998) Whats so special about radiotherapy nursing? European Journal of Oncology Nursing 2 (3) 162-168World Health Organization The International Agency for Research on Cancer, (2013)Press Release Latest world cancer statistics. Retrieved on February, 10th 2014 fromhttp//www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2013/pdfs/pr223_E.pdfWHO (2014) Media Centre Cancer Fact sheet. Retrieved on February 14, 2014 from http//www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/en/

Comparison of Tsar and Communist Rule

Comparison of tsar and commie RuleTsarist find in the years 1856 to 1917 and commie rule to the death of Lenin and the death of Stalin twain depended on high degrees of central reason and ensure by the responsibility. The similarities amidst the two random variables of political sympathies were therefore such(prenominal) greater than were the differences. How distant do you agree with this judgement?Both proud and Soviet Russia sire a desire and well documented history of autocratic rule. However, Russian autocracy in its various forms has been far from consistent in either its placement or startlook. It is this inconsistency in structure and policy which has given a stand up to differing schools of thought. On the one hand is the view that the fleeting and unfulfilled promises of twain the liberalist- collectivistic February Revolution and Bolshevik October Revolution of 1917 witnessed nothing other than a passing from one form of totalism to another. On the o ther hand lies the hypothesis that the Revolutions of 1917 caused the destruction of the Russian feudalistic dodge, empowering the masses to invest their say-so in a pop bothy elected central representative form of presidential term, at least in appearance if not in essence. In allege to examine the two forms of presidential term and their attributes, this essay uses a comparative come along in its discussion of the absolute monarchism of Tsars Alexander II, Alexander III and Nicholas II, and to the actor dictatorships of Vladimir Lenin and Josef Stalin. It will introduce the organisational structure of the monarchical and republican forms of goernment, and present a snapshot of Russian decree in both cases. It will accordingly analyse the similarities and differences of kingdom carry over various facets of society, and summarise these arguments in a logical conclusion.At the time of the accession to power of Tsar Alexander II in 1855, the Russian Empire was a catching absolute monarchy ruled by the Romanov dynasty. The Tsar promulgated and enforced laws personally, albeit performing on the counsel of trusted advisers. The Tsar also controlled the official democracy religion of Orthodox Christianity through and through the Holy Synod. Through his personally plant counsellors, the Tsar wielded absolute power over nigh national institutions, including the military, the judicatory and the press. Subjects of the empire were segregated into unalike social classes on various rungs of the feudal ladder, from the nobility down through the clergy, merchants, cossacks and tikes. The volume of peasants were classed as serfs common labourers derail to the land, with no political representation. Imperial Russia had a proportionately larger population than its European counterparts of Great Power status, and the majority of its peasant population eked out a meagre existence below the poverty line. The Russian economical system was based on a primit ive form of agriculture, and as such economic growth was sluggish, lagging way behind the quickly industrialising West, with which Russia was ineffectual to compete financially. State intervention in industry tended to be to a greater extent frequent than elsewhere in Europe, though in certain sectors it actual with private initiative, much foreign capital. In any case, due to the deep onset of industrialisation, Russia remained largely agricultural until well into the twentieth century.Certain aspects of assure control were relinquished in the latter half of the nineteenth century, in particular during the reforms of the 1850s and 1860s, in the areas of government, program line and the judiciary. In 1861 Alexander II announced the freedom of around 20 million serfs. topical anesthetic commissions controlled by the landowning gentry gave rise to emancipation by giving land and certain privileges to the serfs, though filet short of freedom per se. Very few former serfs mov ed foreign their village commune, and they were ask to make redemption payments to the government over a period of al about fifty years. Landowners were compensated in the form of government bonds.Local government was reformed shortly after contendds in 1864, whereby the European part of Russia was reorganised into different regions and districts in a devolution exercise. Local government became fully responsible for health, education and transport, signifying a move outside from centralised power. In the same year, judicial reforms took place in most urban centres. The major change was the introduction of juries into the courtroom. The judiciary functioned fairly well, though the government lacked the financial clout to enforce the assesss, meaning that local peasant justice remained relatively unaffected, with little interference from the central government.State control remained fairly strong in the military, mark by the governments desire to effect the transition from a larg e standing troops to a reserve the States, made possible through the training of the impudent emancipated serfs. In other areas, the State bank was founded in 1866, all school officials remained nominally subordinate to the Ministry of Education, and censorship laws were relaxed in the 1860s.Soviet Russia presents a more modern, if not altogether different, concept of state control. In February 1917, a Provisional political sympathies of liberal socialists ousted the autocracy with the intention of establishing a democratic form of government in a war-ravaged society. At the same time, the base of operations Bolsheviks representing the working classes called for nationwide socialist transformation, and eventually seized power from the Provisional Government in November of the same year. Only after a long and fucking(a) fratricidal war did the Bolsheviks consolidate power and establish a one- society Communist state, which officially came into being in December 1922.The Sovie t government initially attempted to centralise the economy through Lenins New frugal Policy (NEP). Threatening encirclement from capitalist powers, Lenin stressed the importance of rapid industrialisation through direct state control, as dictated by Marxist doctrine. However, these efforts did not come to fruition, and some private enterprise was permitted to coexist with the heavily nationalised industrial sector. Yet following Stalins accession to power in 1928, the state assumed control of all existing businesses and initiated intensive course of studys of industrialisation in the form of three pre-War five-year plans. In agriculture, the state seized peasants home to establish collective farms. The plan proved largely less-traveled and caused some(prenominal) hardship. Millions of common labourers starved to death or were murdered during periods of forced collectivisation. kindly unrest continued well into the 1930s as Stalin embarked on a purge of his own party. This ga ve rise to a campaign of terror not dissimilar to that witnessed in Revolutionary France, leading to the imprisonment and/or execution of anyone who was suspected of being an opponent of the Communist regime. Literally millions of citizens were expunged from all sections of society.However, there were certain advantages of this rigorous state control. Stalins industrialisation programme required that workers be adequately educated. This led to an increase in the number of schools. more(prenominal) importantly, for the first time women were given equal status in education and employment as men, marking an improvement in household income and family life. ordinary access to health care gradually became readily avail qualified, increasing the touchstone of living and life expectancy. Engineers, architects and medical personnel were sent abroad to define new technologies, and exchange programmes enabled foreign input into the expanding Soviet knowledge base.The bang of the Second W orld War served only to intensify the Stalinist system of state control. Forced labour rapidly accelerated Soviet industrial output, allowing the USSR to outstrip Nazi Germanys initial advance, while conscription great(p) the ranks of the Red Army, enabling the military to push back the eastward carrier bag of the German army in the winter of 1941-42. The post-War era saw no reduction in this trend as the Soviet government want to rebuild the infrastructure decimated by war and roll out its policy of extreme levels of state control over the countries of Eastern Europe located in its sphere of influence in the post-War settlement. It was not until the death of Stalin in 1953 and the accession to power of Nikita Khrushchev that repressive controls over government and society were eased.So how do the two forms of pre-Revolutionary monarchical and post-Revolutionary republican autocracy compare? permit us first examine the political ideologies on which the two forms of state centri sm were founded. The initially obvious assessment is that they were almost as far apart on the political spectrum as is possible, from the ultra-conservative monarchical despotism of Imperial Russia to the extreme left-wing one-party Communism of the Soviet Union. The monarchical despotism of the Tsars was concentrated in the person of the Emperor alone. He functioned as both Head of State and Head of Government, and was responsible for all branches of government. The serf majority of the population had no political rights or representation, and only the most well-off amongst the nobility and intelligentsia had sufficient status to make their views heard. Admittedly, given the coarse expanse of Russia and its poor transport and communication links under the Tsars, logistics would unceasingly dictate that imperial power was unlikely to filter down to both citizen from the Baltic to the Pacific. However, individual liberties remained severely restricted, if not non-existent.On the other hand, Soviet Russia was a proletarian dictatorship in pursuit of the ideal of dry land revolution. The Bolshevik effort in the civil war was founded on the tone that only a coherent and secretive organisation could overthrow the government. sideline the revolution, this belief was transposed to the machinery of government, in that only this kind of organisation could disapprove foreign and domestic enemies. According to Marxist-Leninist doctrine, this revolutionary esprit could only be achieved through the efforts of a Communist party which assumes the role of revolutionary vanguard, achieving its aims through a disciplined organisation known as democratic centralism, where party officials discuss proposals but do not question decisions once they have been made. Similarly, the electorate were simply expected to approve of the laws enacted and policies pursued by the party they had voted into power. some(prenominal) form of dissent, either expressed or implied, was punish ed in the most severe manner.Let us now reach to the practicalities of state control. As noted previously, levels of state control in Imperial Russia witnessed a marked decline throughout the second half of the nineteenth century. Admittedly, continued state control and supervision, heavy financial obligations, and communal regulation of peasant personal business made life in the countryside seem not entirely different from that prior to the emancipation. The gentry still filled high posts in the army and bureaucracy and occupied a dominant position in the new institutions created by the reforms and government officials viewed independent actions on the part of Russian society with much the same suspicion and distrust that they had previously. However, the reforms made a true difference, in the sense that the granting of personal liberty to the peasants freed them from total dependence on the landowning gentry, and it encouraged social mobility. The educated minority of the lower classes of society were able to engage in education and banking. This new direction in government policy gave Russian life new dimensions and possibilities of social and economic development. each way, this revolution from above certainly marked a watershed in Russian history, and fuelled the embryonic Revolutionary movement in its build-up to the events of 1917. A measure of the success of the reforms is that the government survived them unscathed, unlike those of Gorbachev in the 1980s.The immediate post-Revolutionary period witnessed conditions which were not dissimilar. Lenins Communist government faced the immediate challenges of severe economic recession and working class hostility. Alienated by the brutalities of civil war and famine, peasants, urban workers and many soldiers demanded the creation of a more democratic socialist government. The Politburo were unwilling to compromise, maintaining a one-party state and demanding total discipline and angiotensin-converting enz yme within the party. Economically, however, direct methods of mobilisation were abandoned, allowing a revival of private championship on a small scale. These changes paved the way for the NEP, which in turn led to an increase in agricultural and industrial production. Critics of the NEP complained that flourishing markets in agricultural produce benefited a revived class of rural entrepreneurs as opposed to the urban proletariat. They insisted that the government find the resources to invest in industrial growth to counter this trend. Unable to secure these resources, the government became increasingly unpopular amongst the peasantry, who still made up over 80 per cent of the population. followers Lenins death and Stalins consolidation of power, the government dealt with this crisis by experimenting with the direct, dictatorial mobilisation of resources from the countryside. This collectivisation marked the end of market relations in the countryside, meaning the government could determine what happened to rural produce and where the profits were invested. By 1934 the government had successfully taken control of the huge human and actual resources of the countryside.The collectivisation of these resources were subsequently diverted to the towns in Stalins intense programme of industrialisation. Only a hugely powerful centralised state was undecided of such a programme, and it is no accident that it was managed by a passing coercive and autocratic state system. Building on a long tradition of Russian autocracy, Stalin created a modernised autocracy in which his authority grew to the point where he no longer depended on the party, but open up a unique system of personal rule. The atmosphere of crisis created by collectivisation and party purges generated a crucible of paranoia which strengthened the leadership by making any form of opposition look like treachery. However, despite this severity, the Communist government enjoyed much popular support, and ma ny ordinary citizens accepted the loyal promises of Stalinist propaganda.In conclusion, it would appear that while the ideologies on which Imperial and Soviet Russia were founded lay at opposite ends of the political spectrum, the machinery of government operated in much the same way in both cases. It is difficult to assess which form of government was more autocratic, and it would be unwise to assume that the political currents at the beginning of the period in question form a legitimate basis for comparison with those at the end. However, it is safe to assert that the two forms of autocracy were as intense as they were efficiently managed. There were certainly huge differences in the ultimate aims and objectives of the two forms of government. While Imperial Russia strove to secure the ecological succession of the Romanov dynasty through maintaining the hereditary monarchy, Soviet Russia sought to achieve world revolution in pursuit of the Communist ideal. However, the similarit ies in the intensity of state control appear more striking than these ideological differences. While the concentration of government dominance appeared greater under Communism, especially during the Stalinist era, the state in both cases to all intents and purposes retained almost full control over agriculture, industry, the military, education and the judiciary. In this respect, the similarities seem to be greater than the differences. It is not without a certain sense of irony that such state control was nominally approved by the electorate in Soviet Russia, in spite of the hardships it often caused.BibliographyDavid Christian, Imperial Soviet Russia Power, Privilege the Challenge of Modernity (Basingstoke Macmillan, 1997)Terence Emmons, The Russian come Gentry and the Peasant Emancipation of 1861 (Cambridge CUP, 1967)J. N. Westwood, Endurance and Endeavour, Russian History 1812-1992 (London OUP, 1973)Edward C. Thaden, Russia Since 1801 The making of a New Society (New York Wi ley, 1971)US Library of Congress, Federal inquiry Division Country Studies Series (Russia), http//lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/cshome.html

The Definition Of Methodology

The exposition Of MethodologyThe single-valued function of this chapter is to present the search modeology adopted in this nurture. It starting signal bylines the philosophical assumptions underpinning this inquiry, discussing the police detectives constructivist approach. The next persona defines the scope and rationale for the inquiry endeavor, and details of teaching digest. It to a fault provides an overview of the information sight methods employ for this look for. The chapter concludes by discussing issues of rigor and trustworthiness and ethical considerations.3.1.1 Definition of MethodologyAccording to Polit and Beck (2004) methodology refers to ways of obtaining, systematizing and analysing information. Creswell (2003) portrays methodology as a coherent root of methods that harmonize unitary another and that slang the capacitance to fit to deliver entropy and findings that result reflect the question misgiving and suits the searchers purpose. wheel (2002) explains that methodology is the complete structure of the explore believe the sizing and precedent methods, the practices and proficiencys utilized to collect selective information and the process to analyse selective information.3.2 query DesignBurns and Grove (2002) define a inquiry design as a blueprint for conducting a train with maximum curb over circumstanceors that whitethorn interfere with the validity of the findings. The over both purpose of this guinea pig is to contribute further to the subprogram-definition process of the ambulance nurse in Malta. In prescribe to reach the over tot exclusivelyy purpose of this demand a soft preceding descriptive design will be used to identify, analyse and eviscerate factors related to the nature of interventions and cargon nurses deliver in the pre-hospital setting and to look barriers and facilitating factors perceived by ambulance nurses that hinder or enhance PHC in Malta.3.2.1 look into PhilosophyThe context in which research is carried turn up pisses were the police detective wants to go with the research and what is sought to be achieved. It is therefore imperative that the investigator is understandably ab step forward the image issues that guide and enlighten the research approach, as they argon reflected in the methodology applied in the research and serve up purport the research into a broader context (Thorpe Lowe, 2002). This research register is associated with the constructivism paradigm. Consequently, the investigator will discuss the ontology and epistemology in relation to this research.3.2.1.1 ConstructivismConstructivism seeks to under disengage research in its raw(a) setting therefore, constructivism which is dieed from the naturalistic philosophy disputes positivism and post-positivism views of acquaintance and knowledge (Appelton King, 2002). Thus, the call for of constructivism is to identify the diverse knowledge that people own, this is done by seeking to attain virtually consensus of meaning but at the equivalent(p) snip remaining undefendable to peeled explanations (Denzin capital of Nebraska, 2003). Constructivist research, therefore, whitethorn identify a spectrum of diverse views and insights that would be overlooked within the narrow confines of constituted positivist inquiry.In view of these issues, constructivism is the most indicative research paradigm to use for this research as this philosophy will aid in exploring by comment participants senses, views and rulings in a to a salienter extent humane way, by presenting ambulance nurses quotes and developing themes rather than presenting results in statistical form.3.2.1.2 OntologyWhen considering a research paradigm, the research black marketers first strikement is to locate a position on the nature of human bes (Appelton King, 2002). In the ontological theory, reality is subjective and multiple as seen by the participants in the study. Hence the researcher will use quotes and themes in nomenclature of the ambulance nurses to provide evidence on different perspectives. This is done by articulating, appreciating and making the research participants voices and concerns and practice visible. In the constructivism stance, the researcher is obliged to give a true picture of reality (Schwandt, 2001).Truth is achieved by seeking to collar the sh argond meaning and embedded meaning of both the participants and the researcher. This whitethorn be apprehended by building up a researcher-participant interaction in the natural environment rather than in a controlled environment (Denzin Lincoln, 2003).3.2.1.3 EpistemologyConversely, in the epistemological assumption the aim of the researcher is to try and littleen the surmount between what is creation researched and oneself (Creswell, 2003). Within constructivism, the ontology and epistemology merge because the knower is inseparable from what may be known within the overall con struct of a event reality (Schwandt, 2001).The constructivist, ontological and epistemological positions have specific implications for me as a researcher wishing to explore these ambulance nurse issues. As a faculty nurse contributeing in another ambulance service, I acknowledge that my invoice of reality of PHC may serve to enhance the translation of the phenomena under study. My role as a researcher is to be actively engaged with the research process. Therefore, an emic position is taken which allows me to build data, which is generated rather than stash away. Within constructivism, the ontology and the epistemology approaches ar twist and basinnot be detached as with the positivist and post positivist paradigms (Appelton King, 2002).3.2.1.4 Disadvantages of ConstructivismConstructivism, whilst creation an ideal paradigm for the inquiry may have its own limitations and it is substitution that the researcher takes these into consideration. A limitation of constructiv ism is that by trying to explain the phenomena, the researcher will be stuck in trying to give an infinite deed of interpretations which may result in less explanatory power (Appelton King, 2002).Thus, working with the constructivism paradigm, the researcher is obliged to be conscious in seeking balance between the contribution of informants and ones own to condition an authentic account of the phenomena. Moreover, original issues and steps in the methodology of this study were taken into consideration in tell apart to avoid each pitfalls.3.2.2 Qualitative investigateQualitative research refers to inductive, holistic, emic, subjective and process-oriented methods used to cross, interpret and describe a phenomena or setting. It is a systemic, subjective approach used to describe meaning (Burns Grove, 2003). Qualitative research is much associated with words, language and experiences rather than measurements, statistics and numerical figures.Researchers apply soft research take a person centred and holistic perspective to understand the phenomenon, with erupt centre on specific concepts. The original context of the experience is unique, and rich knowledge and insight can be generated in depth to present a lively picture of participants reality and social context (Holloway, 2005). Regarding generation of knowledge, soft research is characterised as evolutional and dynamic, and does not use formal organize instruments. In turn it involves the systemic disposition and analysis of subjective narration data in an organised and intuitive fashion to identify the features and signification of human experience (Holloway, 2005).Qualitative researchers are concerned with the emic perspective to explore the ideas and perceptions of the participants. The researcher tries to examine the experience from the participants point of view in order to interpret their words. The researcher therefore becomes involved and immersed in the phenomena to become acquain ted(predicate) with it. The immersion of the researcher helps to provide dense description from the narrative data gathered from the participants, to interpret and portray their experiences, and to generate a more(prenominal) oecumenical understanding. However, immersion cannot be obtained without a researcher-participant trusting relationship. The relationship is built through basic interviewing and interpersonal skills. In qualitative research, the researcher is required to be a equitable listener, non-judgemental, friendly, honest and flexible. Brink and Wood (1998) point out that the qualitative data collection methods are flexible and unstructured, capturing verbatim reports or observable characteristics and yield data that usually do not take numerical forms.3.2.3 Qualitative Description ApproachWithin a qualitative framework, and an interpretive stance, this research is concerned with identifying and describing factors regarding the pre-hospital treat care in Malta. For t his study a qualitative descriptive research design will be used. Sandelowski (2000) points out that a qualitative descriptive study is seen as less interpretive than interpretive descriptive studies as they do not require researchers to move as far into their data. However, all inquiry entails description, and all description entails interpretation (Sandelowski, 2000).Although no description is free of interpretation, basic or rudimentary qualitative description, as opposed to, for example, phenomenology or grounded theory description, it necessitates a benignant of interpretation that is low inference, this low inference interpretation in qualitative descriptive studies entails the demonstration of facts in an everyday language (Neergaard et al. 2009).3.2.3.1 Design features of descriptive Qualitative ResearchQualitative descriptive design is a common eclectic but reasonable design that well considers a junto of try, data collection, analysis, and re-presentational technique s (Neergaard et al. 2009). Sandelowski (2000) explains that qualitative description is redundantly amenable to obtain dependable and largely unadorned closures to questions of special relevance to practitioners and policy makers. Neergaard et al. (2009) explicate that the qualitative descriptive design favours to use an interview guide somewhat more structured than other qualitative methods though it is still modified and change as themes emerge through analysis. They continue to explain that the strategy of means analysis is the most comm save used method of analysis in qualitative description (Neergaard et al. 2009). A straight descriptive summary is the presumable outcome of qualitative descriptive studies, which should be organized in a way that best en crockeds the data collected (Sandelowski, 2000).3.2.3.2 Strengths and Weaknesses of Descriptive Qualitative ResearchAll research methods have their limitations, and qualitative description is often criticized for lacking (p) of clearness and the lack of theory based approach (Giorgi. 1992). However, this criticism is only vindicated if qualitative description is used for the wrong principles. Neergaard et al. (2009) emphasize that qualitative description should be the method of choice when a description of a phenomena is wanted. Furthermore, qualitative description has been criticized for its lack of rigor and for being flawed, when it comes to judging its credibility. However, Milne and Oberlee (2005), hold forth close to enhancing rigor in qualitative description by focalization on strategies such(prenominal) as authenticity, credibility, criticality and integrity. Qualitative description may be seen as too subjective because description is always attributed to the researchers perception, inclinations, sensitivities, and sensibilities (Sandelowski, 2000). In order to reduce this, the researcher must put an emphasis in meeting the criteria of integrity and neutrality (Milne and Oberlee, 2005). Qualitative description may be seen as a functional method when the researcher intends to center on describing experiences of patients, relatives and health care professionals and when the researcher wants to understand their views on patient-professional interaction and the brass instrument of the health care system (Sandelowski, 2000). Strength of qualitative description is more evident in mixed method approaches and in studies which need to develop their own questionnaire. Neergaard et al. (2009) point out that qualitative description performed prior to the development of a questionnaire or an intervention can give very of import and useful information. Qualitative description has in addition be an appropriate qualitative method for dinky interview studies were one needs to gain preliminary insight into a particular topic (Neergaard et al. 2009). Sandelowski (2000) in like manner highlights a great advantage of the method is that it is suitable if time or resources are limi ted.3.2.3.1 intelligent for choosing descriptive approachAccording to Burns and Grove (2003) descriptive research is designed to provide a picture of a situation as it naturally happens. It may also be used to justify authorized practices and identify factors that hinder or enhance practice as one gets a whole picture from the informants (Burns and Grove, 2003). Qualitative descriptive study is the method of choice when straight descriptions of a phenomena are desired, Sandelowski (2000) explains that qualitative description is especially useful for researchers wanting to know who, what and where of events.Qualitative description will be used in this study to describe and document the perceptions and experiences of what different skills are used while delivering PHC and when they are mostly used. The design will also be used to explore what facilitators and barriers are encountered when delivering PHC.3.3 state and Sample3.3.1 PopulationParahoo (2006) defines population as the t otal number of units from which data is collected, such as undivideds, artefacts, events or organizations. Burns and Grove (2003) describe population as all the elements that meet the criteria for inclusion body in a study. They continue to explain that the researcher must recognize a list of characteristics that requisite to be pensionable part of the target population.The criteria for inclusion in this study were staff nurses who work in Accident and Emergency Department at Mater Dei Hospital, and have at least five years PHC experience.3.3.2 SamplePolit and Beck (2004) define a take in as a proportion of a population The sample was chosen from the target population as defined in the inclusion and exclusion criteria. A carefully selected sample can wisecrack data representative of the target population from which it is drawn. However, the aim of qualitative research is to cabbage insight into a phenomenon rather than assume representativeness. To reach the purpose of this st udy a goal-directed take technique will be used. roll (2002) explains that a purposeful sample is a deliberate and non random method, which aims to sample a multitude of people with a specific characteristic. The main characteristic of the selected participants in this study is being knowledgeable about the topic, because of their involvement and experience in PHC. Sandelowski (2000) explains that purposive sampling is a preferred method when exploitation qualitative description as it is deemed information rich.3.3.3 Sampling processThe sampling process for this study was carried out in two phases, purposeful sampling for the interviews and a random selection from a throng of purposeful selected participants.3.3.3.1 var. 1For the first phase of data collection eight nurses were by design selected for semi-structured interviews. Purposeful sampling methods were used based on the nurses who have special training in pre-hospital and are considered more experts in the field. This non-probability sampling technique was used since the researcher wanted to get a more in depth description of the pre-hospital nursing care offered. The researcher informed the nursing officer to distribute an invitation letter to the selected participants and those that agree to embark in the study were given a consent form.3.3.3.2 Phase 2The sample for number phase where the focus class was carried out was selected randomly from purposefully selected nurses who commodious the selection criteria (5 years experience in the ambulance service), since the aim of the focus group is to identifying specific issues commonly related to nursing care in the pre-hospital setting. go to twelve nurses were randomly selected by the nursing officer who presented them an invitation letter with information about the study. Those who accept the invitation were asked to consent their participation in the focus group by filling out a consent form after having had their queries addressed by the re searcher.3.4 info CollectionQualitative data collection is the precise, systemic gathering of information relevant to the research problem, using methods such as interviews, participant observations, focus group intelligences, narratives and case histories (Burns and Grove, 2003). Data collection techniques in qualitative description usually include minimal to lead structured interviews and focus group interviews (Neergaard et al. 2009).3.4.1 Methods of Data CollectionData was collected in two phases. Phase one included data collection by means of semi-structured interviews, were the researcher interviewed nurses who are experts in the field and by the way of their clinical experience and having received specialized training in PHC. Phase two included a focus group which had the aim of identifying specific issues, and add quality to the data obtained from the interviews. The data will be presented and discussed in the results and discussion chapters respectively.3.4.1.1 Semi Stru ctured InterviewsAccording to Kvale (1996), using a qualitative interview offers the researcher an opening to understand the phenomena under study from the perspective of the interviewee. In this study typesetters case to face semi-structured interviews were deemed appropriate as this method is particularly efficient in collecting data which involves opinions and perceptions. Polit and Beck (2004) confabulation that when performing semi structured interviews the researcher has to prepare in put away a written topic guide, which is a list questions to be cover by the respondents (Appendix 2). The interviewers function is to encourage participants to talk freely about all topics on the list, and to provide as much detail as they wish, and offer illustrations and explanations (Polit and Beck, 2004).3.4.1.2 Advantages of interviewsAmong the main advantages of semi structured interviews there are the benefits of conversation that is carried out between the researcher and the informant . However, the conversations are purposeful ones that require advance thought and preparation, so the researcher must not enter into them casually. These face to face interviews can probe fully for responses and clarify ambiguities. Bowling (2002) points out advantages of interviews are that one can check misinterpretations and inconsistencies, and that interviews can provide rich quotable material which enlivens research reports. Kvale (1996), also find interviews beneficial to the participants as they can freely communicate their perceptions and experiences to the researcher.3.4.1.3 Disadvantages of interviewsNevertheless, despite the many advantages of interviews, there are some limitations for this method of data collection, mainly the fact that interviews can be overpriced and time consuming, and there is the potential of interview bias. According to Bowling (2002) techniques for cut interview bias include good interview training and managing to establish rapport with the par ticipants by pose them at ease, and appearing non-judgmental.3.4.1.4 Focus congregation interviewsAnother method of data collection used in this study is a focus group interview. Neergaard et al. (2009) recommend the use of focus groups when using qualitative description as focus group interviews seem given(p) to get a broad insight into a subject. According to Parahoo (2006), a focus group discussion is an interaction between one or more researchers and more than one participant for the purpose of collecting data. Holloway (2005) states that in focus group discussion researchers interview participants with common characteristics or experiences for the purpose of eliciting ideas, thoughts and perceptions about a specific topic or certain issues link to the area of interest. Therefore, in this study the researcher will carry out a focus group discussion with the nurses who deliver PHC, based on findings from previous face to face interviews to elicit discussion on the objectives of the study.3.4.1.5 Advantages of focus group interviewsFocus group discussions have several advantages in obtaining qualitative data. Contrary to face to face interviews, focus group meetings are cheaper, and are quicker in obtaining valuable data (Parahoo, 2006). Bowling (2002) points out that one of the main strengths of focus group meetings is that it makes use of group dynamics which stimulates group discussion to gain insight and generate ideas in order to follow a topic in greater depth. Parahoo (2006) also points out that participants are provided with an hazard to reflect and react to the opinion of others with which they may disagree or of which they are unaware. Holloway (2005) also finds focus groups advantageous as they give the opportunity to the participants and researcher to ask questions and informants can build answers on others responses.3.4.1.5 Disadvantages of focus group interviewsNonetheless, Holloway (2005) also highlights limitations of a focus group as t he researcher may find difficulties in managing debate and controlling the process. A detriment in focus group discussion may also be ascribable to some participants being introvert while others may dominate the discussion and influence the outcome, or perhaps even introduce bias (Holloway, 2005). Therefore, the researcher must create a good climate to stimulate all informants to participate and keep a balance between participants. Another disadvantage when using a focus group to collect data is the fact that layings can present problems. Parahoo (2006) stress that taking notes during focus group discussions is not feasible since many people may me talking at the same time. They also point out that tape recordings may only record those that are nearer to the recording making transcription a problem.3.5 Data AnalysisData analysis is a mechanism for reducing and organising data to produce findings that require interpretation by the researcher (Burns and Grove 2003). airfield and M orse (1996) points out that data analysis can be a challenging and creative process characterized by an intimate relationship of the researcher with the participants and the data gathered.3.5.1 The researchers role in data analysisAs researcher reflexivity, bracketing and intuiting were used to lay aside preconceptions regarding the phenomenon being studied and also carried out data analysis simultaneously with data collection. The intellectual process identify by Field and Morse (1996) were followed during data analysis. These comprise of comprehension, synthesising, and theorising. The researcher synthesises the data by putting the pieces together which will enable the researcher to comprehend what is actually going on, then the researcher can prepare a detailed description of the phenomenon under study and give explanations and determine coefficient of correlation with data gathered (Field and Morse 1996).3.5.2 Content AnalysisQualitative capacity analysis is the analysis strate gy of choice in qualitative descriptive studies (Sandelowski 2000). Qualitative content analysis is a dynamic form of analysis of verbal and visual data that is oriented towards summarizing the informational content of the data (Polit and Beck 2004). Bowling (2002) explains that with content analysis, the key themes and concepts are identified in the transcripts, and are categorised.Sandelowski (2000) explains that qualitative content analysis is a reflective and interactive process, were the researcher unendingly modify their treatment of data to accommodate invigorated data and new insights about the data gathered. Content analysis was carried out for the analysis of data from both face to face interviews and focus group discussion.3.6 Robustness of museCritiques of qualitative research may argue that it is impossible to ensure a positivist approach of validity and reliability in qualitative work however, naturalistic researchers have adopted other measures to ensure rigour and trustworthiness of the qualitative study (Shenton, 2004 Silverman, 2001). In order to pursuit a rigours and trustworthy study, the constructs proposed by Lincoln and Guba (1985), will be followed. These four constructs consist of credibility, transferability, reliability and confirmability.3.6.1 Establishing Rigor and TrustworthinessA research studies is trustworthy when it reflects the reality and ideas of the participants. Lincoln and Guba, (1985) add that trustworthiness of research depends on the extent to which it delves into participants experiences apart from their abstractive knowledge. In this study trustworthiness was guaranteed by the researcher by putting aside preconceived ideas about the phenomenon under study and returned to the informants to ascertain that the description was a true reflection of their opinions and perceptions.According to Polit and Beck (2004) credibility is similar to subjective validity in quantitative research. Adopting a well established res earch method is one measure that can confirm credibility and ensure internal validity of the study. Bowling (2002) recognises the importance of incorporating correct operational measures for the concepts being studied. Therefore, importance was given so that the most adaptable methodology and methods used were suitable for this study. A thick description of the phenomenon under scrutiny was conveyed in detail so the actual situation that was investigated is understood. Lincoln and Guba (1985), stress the close ties between credibility and dependability, arguing that, in practice, a demonstration of the source goes some distance in ensuring the later. Without this detailed description it will be difficult for the reader of the final account to determine the extent of credibility and dependability.Another measure to ensure credibility is that the researcher shows familiarity with the culture of the act organisation. Since the researcher works in a similar setting and was antecedentl y employed in the department which is being studied, gives the researcher a good understanding of the culture of the participants. However, the researcher must give special guardianship so that professional judgements are not influenced and must acknowledge this in order to reduce researcher bias.According to Shenton (2004), random sampling is also a great way to guarantee credibility and can help to reduce the researchers bias. However, random sampling in qualitative research may not always be possible. In this study a purposive selection technique was used to give the researcher control in choosing participants with different levels of experience. Even though a purposive selection was carried out, participants had the salutary to withdraw from the study and they were not required to disclose an explanation. Besides being ethically correct this ensured that participants were genially willing to take part in the study and that they were prepared to offer data freely giving more cr edibility to the study.Lincoln and Guba (1985) consider member checks, peer scrutiny and query sessions important provisions that can be made to bolster a studys credibility and reliability. The researcher checked data during collection and perform dialogues with participants. Informants were also asked to read transcripts in which they have participated for verification.The researcher carried out debriefing sessions with supervisors and was open to peer scrutiny, in order to help identify the development of new ideas and interpretations which may assist the researcher to refine the research methods and strengthen arguments brought up from data collected. These meetings also helped the researcher recognise any biases.Transferability is related to the impertinent validity of the research project. Since qualitative assignments are specific to a small number of particular environments and individuals, it is practically impossible to demonstrate that findings are applicable to other s ituations (Shenton, 2004). However, in order to offer transferability of findings the researcher ensured that sufficient contextual information about the phenomenon under investigation was provided to allow readers to have a proper understanding of it.3.7 Ethical ConsiderationsResearch has many ethical implications and participants rights, such as the right to refuse to participate to the study, right to refuse to answer certain questions, the right for confidentiality and the right for informed consent, which should at all time take precedence over research objectives (Parahoo, 2006). Therefore, throughout all the stages of research process, it was ensured that ethical principles were maintained so participants were safe guarded against harm. Participants had the right to consider not to participate and similarly the right to withdraw at any point.In this regard, participants were informed of the study in writing and were asked for their consent to participate to both the face to face interviews and the focus group. The consent letters were distributed to the nursing officer who was instructed to pass these on to the selected nurses. In the consent letter, participants were informed about the confidentiality of their responses and also that some of the responses might be quoted to add value to the presentation of results and discussion in the study. However, they were also ensured that measures were taken so that no individual respondent was identified. After completion of the study all data collected and recordings of interviews and the focus groups will be destroyed.Gathering of all relevant leave from the hospital authorities, Data Protection Officer and University Research Ethics citizens committee of the University of Malta to carry out this research study were sought. (Appendix)

Unanimous Versus Non Unanimous Jury Verdicts Law Essay

unscathed Versus Non unharmed venire Verdicts Law tasteIn the unify deposits, 48 stirs require unanimous lamentable control panel finding of facts. A unanimous venire verdict proposes that every(prenominal) control boardmans came to a third e pass on termination in the criminal proceedings. lanthanum and operating theater ar the hardly 2 states that allow non- concurrence dialog box verdicts. atomic number 57 statue allows juries to reprove felony suspects by pick outr turnouts of 10 to 2 and allows such(prenominal) non-unanimous verdicts in felony graphic symbols where the punishment is durance with hard labor. The solitary(prenominal) punishment that requires a unanimous 12 panelwoman vote verdict is the death penalty. The operating room State spirit allows for non-unanimous indictable verdicts to be returned when 10 of 12 jurors agree on guilt, except in themes of first story murder, where accord is required.Within the last yr, dickens major b ailiwicks Miller v. atomic number 57 (2005) and Bowen v. operating theater (2007) have been decided in controversy. This has re-established the question of Louisiana and Oregons constitutionality and justness in respect to the def annihilateants Sixth Amendment rights. In May 2009 Corey C- mutilate Miller was convicted of second degree murder by a 10 to 2 board decision and in August sentenced to a piece of musicdatory life imprisonment with no possibility of parole in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. In Millers case, initially three jurors believed he was non guilty besides one changed her vote (C.J. Lin, 2009). Ms. Jacob was the deciding vote and stated in a newspaper converse that, she does non feel that the prosecutors proved their case beyond a presumable question. But she express she voted once to convict Miller just to end weighings because of the brutal pressure applied by some jurors on some other(prenominal) juror who thought the rapper was innocent (C.J. Lin, 2009). Louisiana declined to rehear the case on the grounds brought by the NAACP President. In October 2009, the United State dogmatic court of constabulary announced they would not hear the case of an Oregon man Scott Davis Bowen sentenced to 17 years, who was convicted of sexual abuse, sodomy and rape of his 15-year old stepdaughter by a split panel, which put an end to the issue of non-unanimity to the higher state mash until some other case is brought forward (Green, 2009).History of Jury TrialsThe Supreme tourist court originally held that the Sixth Amendment right to a panel streamlet indicated a right to tryout that was based on Englands common law when the Constitution was seeed in 1787. Therefore, juries had to be comprise of twelve persons and that the verdict had to be unanimous. When the 14th Amendment was established the Supreme motor lodge ex fly the cooped the right to trial by board to defendants in state courts. The number of jurors was re- hit the booksd and it was held that twelve came to be the number of jurors by historical accident, and that six jurors would be sufficient but whatsoeverthing less than six would deprive the defendant the right of a fairly and impartial instrument panel. On the basis of history and precedent the Sixth Amendment mandates unanimity in federal jury trials, however, but the Supreme Court has govern that the Fourteenth Amendments Due Process Clause requires states to issue jury trials for upright abhorrences but the Fourteenth Amendment does not incorpo rank all the elements of a jury trial within the significance of the Sixth Amendment in which jury unanimity is not required.Statement of hassleThis research paper bequeath examine the constitutionality and impartiality of Oregon and Louisianas statues on Non- self-colored Jury Verdicts. deplorable convictions based on non-unanimous verdicts are at risk of increasing and providing harsher punishment that is sanctifyn without reconsideration. The thoroughness of jury deliberation is questionable because of the lack of interest in being a juror to a time consuming case, as wellspring as the decrement in hung juries in the states court system which eliminates the chances of retrials to introduce saucily found express or to re-examine original evidence. Unanimity ensures the try of from each one(prenominal) several(prenominal) juror and preserves the jurys independence from the courts influences as well as affirms the reasonable doubt standard.Research distrustsAre unanimous jury verdicts a violation of criminal defendants Sixth Amendment rights?What are the effects of Louisiana and Oregons statues on the conviction straddle of violent crimes (Murder, racy violate and arm Robbery)?What impact do Louisiana and Oregon statues have on dynamic headroom rate compared to the adjoin states?For the purpose of this research, the following terms have been defined for a clearer under rest of the generators points and sugge stions.Key TermsSixth Amendment In all criminal prosecutions, the criminate shall enjoy the right to a speedy and state-supported trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district where in the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously as originaled by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation to be confronted with the witnesses against him to have commanding process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defense (Constitution, 1791).Fourteenth Amendment No State shall make or enforce both law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States nor shall whatever State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protections of laws (Constitution, 1868). hearty of one opinion in complete proportionateness agreed ( unhurt, 2010).Non-solid unable to reach an agreement with volume and minority groups.Murder the unlawful kill and intentional killing of a human being in some instances the killing of other while in the commission or attempted commission of some other crime (Falcone, 2005).Forcible Rape The aggravated form of rape, where sexual conversation with a female is gained by the use of force or peril use of force, generally with a weapon of some sort (Falcone, 2005). fortify Robbery the direct taking of property (including money) from a person (victim) done force, threat or intimidation, Armed robbery involves the use of a poor boy or other weapon which can do bodily misemploy (Falcone, 2005).Clearance Any instance where a known Uniform nuisance wrap up violation is cleared to the satisfaction of the police or other law enforcement agency (Falcone, 2005).Literature ReviewSupreme Court DecisionsWilliams v. Florida 1970Question Did a trial by jury of less than 12 persons ruin the Sixth Amendment?The Court held that the 1 2-man jury requirement cannot be regarded as an indwelling component of the Sixth Amendment (Williams v. Florida, 1970). The Court found that the purpose of the jury trial was to prevent oppression by the Government (Williams v. Florida, 1970), and that the performance of this role was not dependent on the particular number of mickle on the jury. The Court concluded that the fact that the jury at common law was composed of precisely 12 is a historical accident, unnecessary to affect the purposes of the jury system and wholly without significance except to mystics (Williams v. Florida, 1970).Decision 6 votes for Florida, 2 votes againstApodaca v. Oregon 1972Question Is a defendants right to trial by jury in a criminal case in a state court (as protected by the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments) violated if the incriminate is convicted by a less-than-unanimous jury?The Court held that the most meaning(a) black market of the jury is to provide commonsense judgment (Apodaca v. Oregon , 1972) in evaluating the respective arguments of accused and accuser. Requiring unanimity would not necessarily contribute to this function (Apodaca v. Oregon, 1972).Decision 5 votes for Oregon, 4 votes againstJohnson v. Louisiana 1972Question Do less-than-unanimous jury verdicts in certain cases violate the Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment?The Court held that less-than-unanimous convictions did not violate the reasonable doubt standard embodied in the Fourteenth Amendments Due Process Clause. justness White argued, that a minority opposing conviction does not prevent the other jurors from reaching their decisions beyond a reasonable doubt (Johnson v. Louisiana, 1972). Further more than, the presence of dissenting jurors does not indicate that the state failed to uphold this standard. Finally, allowing less-than-unanimous decisions in certain cases serves a rational state purpose, not offensive to the Constitution (Johnson v. Louisiana, 1972).D ecision 5 votes for Louisiana, 4 votes againstIn Favor of UnanimityOregons Measure 72 to Bring Balance to the Jury Process in Murder qualitysMeasure 72 does not give new right to victims instead it allows Oregonians to give up their right to be convicted by unanimous juries. Measure 72 is dangerous to the minority communities in Oregon, where innocent defendants would otherwise be saved from conviction by a twelfth juror. This measure is expensive to the state of Oregon and may read to the early release of criminals. The overcrowded jails will continue to join on with criminals because of the ejection of unloosen and restricting options like work release and home detention (Oregon, 1999).Bowen v. Oregon entreaty for Writ of Certiorari to the Oregon Court of AppealsIn the case of Scott David Bowen v. State of Oregon (2007), those in favor of the Petitioner Bowen, believes unanimity promotes lively jury deliberations. When unanimity is required, juries are opted to utilize the ir time more expeditiously before coming to a verdict. When unanimity is not required jurors tend to end their deliberations soon afterward the required majority was reached. Robust deliberations provide an opportunity for those in the minority to persuade their fellow jurors to change their opinions. It allows unconformist to point out the fine distinction that leads to a consensus that the defendant is not guilty, or that a lesser included charge is more appropriate, after a thorough consideration of the evidence (Scott David Bowen v. State of Oregon On Petition for Writ of Certiorari to the Oregon Court of Appeals, 2009).The National State Courts provided questionnaires from approximately 3,500 jurors of information on the jurys first ballots and final verdicts. Over 10 part of the cases, jurors who favored a minority position at the said(prenominal) time of the first ballot were able to convince the majority jurors to adopt the minoritys favored verdict. The felony juries in those cases in which just one or devil jurors were the minority on the first ballot, only 2.9% ended with a hung jury. In the 83%, if the cases in which hung juries did guide, the minority position was initially supported by at least three jurors (Scott David Bowen v. State of Oregon On Petition for Writ of Certiorari to the Oregon Court of Appeals, 2009).Preserving the Value of unanimous Criminal Jury Verdicts in Anti-Deadlock InstructionsHung juries are a very important element to the jury system especially in states such as Louisiana and Oregon who do not require an unanimous verdict. A hung jury is a social and monetary cost to the court system, to the stirred parties and, on a larger scale, to the community. The partiality for unanimous jury exists in need of avoiding coercing jurors to comply with a verdict with which they do not agree. If at that place is no unity the trial will end without a verdict. If the judge pushes the jurors too hard to come to an agreement, any resulting verdict must be reversed.The unanimity requirement is an important part of the jury process1. It empowers each jurors vote with individual meaning. Each juror has a voice, the discussions are ofttimes more vigorous and in-depth, and the results usually represents the voice of each person in the room (BoveIII, 2008).2. Requiring unanimity reinforces the symbolic legitimacy that attaches to a jury of the defendants peers (BoveIII, 2008).Justice, land and the JuryThe trial process is perceived as being lucid with democratic ideals and expressions of the communitys voice. These general perceptions of the process are improved by the unanimity requirements impact on deliberations. Beyond the pursuit of justice, juries provide individuals with an opportunity to operate in participatory democracy to a undischargeder extent than in other areas of civic life (Gobert, 1998).When Democracy is Not Self-Government Toward a refutation of the Unanimity witness for Criminal JuriesJ ury service requires people from all walks of life to gather together and decide the fate of another member of their own community. Unlike the decentralized legislative process or national electoral campaigns, jurors sit on the front line of their decision and debate with each other directly (Primus, 1997).Jury in Spector Murder case tells Judge it is DeadlockedPhil Spector was accused of killing actress Lana Clarkson in 2003. afterwards deliberating for seven days, the jury indicated that it was deadlocked noting that the split was 7 votes to 5 without telling which side had the majority. The jury indicated the disagreement was on the meaning of reasonable doubt and confusion on how to weigh evidence and interpret the instruction manual for second-degree murder. In the end, the judge simply re-read most of the instructions, and removed the language he said misstated the law, and added additional instructions on what constitute reasonable doubt. After another week of deliberation , the judge declared a mistrial due to the deadlock. Jury indicated two holdouts prevented the convictions. The major problems with how the decision came about wereThe jury is likely to put great emphasis on everything that the judge says or asks (Archibold, 2007).Altering the jury instructions which suggested to the jury that the court preferred some type of conviction in the case even if its on a different charge rather than a mistrial (Archibold, 2007).Not in Favor of UnanimityOregons Measure 72 to Bring Balance to the Jury Process in Murder CasesThe Oregonians concurred that the cogency of the jury to acquit or convict a person for any crime except Murder or Aggravated Murder by a vote of 10 to 2 has worked well with their court system. Since the thirties Oregonians have understood that one juror, who has discriminatory or pre-determined ideas, would never convict or acquit anyone regardless of the statue or evidence provided should not be allowed to determine justice. In relev ance to this measure is the case of Andrew Whitaker, a 16 year old boy who admitted purposely murdering a 12 year old girl was luckily given the sentence of Second-Degree Manslaughter in format to avoid the case resulting in a hung jury. Whitaker served a 28 month sentence because one of the jurors refused to vote for murder because her son had been involved in a traffic accident involving a child (Oregon, 1999).Letting the Supermajority Rule Non- unanimous jury verdicts in criminal trialsThe jury represents the people standing mingled with a possibly oppressive government and the lonely, accused individual (Glasser, 1997). Statistics attest that hung juries can lead to a mistrial in 5 to 12 percent of the more than 200,000 felony criminal jury trials that occur in the United States each year (Glasser, 1997). Reducing the frequency of hung juries without sacrificing justice should be a priority to increase the efficiency of the criminal justice system. Majority-rule juries rende r a verdict more quickly and tend to adopt a verdict-driven deliberation style, which jurors vote early and conduct discussion in an adversarial manner, rather evidence-driven style, in which jurors first discuss the evidence as one group and vote later. The majority-rule juries generally vote sooner than unanimity rules juries (Glasser, 1997).Why non-unanimous jury verdicts are Constitutional in criminal casesSchwartz state that unanimity in criminal jury verdicts are not worth preserving and would rather have majority verdicts given by jurors who are strongly encouraged to stick to their principles. The elimination of the unanimity rule would to a fault eliminate the use of peremptory challenges. twain eliminations would create more fully deliberative juries because the jury would better represent a fair cross section of the community and more voices will be heard (Schwartz, 2009).Case Study Are Hung Juries a ProblemHannaford-Agor, Hans, Mott and Munsterman (2002) did a quartett e year study under a distribute from the National Institute of Justice, the National Center for State Courts (NCSC) on juror deadlock.MethodologyBroad-based survey of federal and state courts to document hung jury judgeThe project team selected four courts for an in-depth jurisdictional study on just about 400 felony trials. Using surveys of judges, attorneys, and jurors, the NCSC examined case characteristics, interpersonal dynamics during jury deliberations, and juror demographics and attitudes and compared these traits in cases in which the jury reached a verdict to cases in which the jury deadlocked on one or more charges.A case study of 46 deadlocked cases from the in-depth jurisdictional study to develop categorization of reasons for jury deadlockselective information CollectionSurveyorsResponsesJudges90%Lawyers88%Jurors80%From approximately 100 non-capital felony jury trials in each of the sites amongst June 2000 and August 2001. The final dataset consisted of a total 38 2 cases, with which 13 percent of the cases hung on one or more charges.FindingsThe average hung jury rate was 6.2% only slightly higher than the 5.5% reported by Kalven and Zeisel in 1966, but with a great deal of variation ranging from 0.1% in Pierce County, Washington to 14.8% in Los Angeles County, California in which both states are immediately surrounding Oregon a non-unanimous state. The proposal was to eliminate the requirement of all jurors to decide nem con on a verdict reduces hung jury pass judgment, but the limitation was the author ignored addressing why one or two individuals refused to comply with the majority. xx percent of jurors admitted that they did not begin to form an opinion about the evidence until they collaborated with the other jurors and one-quarter changed their minds about their first decision preferences because of deliberation.ConclusionThe findings was juries that hung reported more trouble remembering the evidence and law, less thorough discussi ons of the evidence during deliberations, more conflict among the jurors and more domination by one or two jurors and a larger presence of unreasonable people on the jury. Hung jurors were also considerably less satisfied with the deliberation process than verdict jurors (Hannaford-Agor, Hans, Mott, Munsterman, 2002).Case Study- On the Frequency of Non-Unanimous Felony Verdicts in OregonThe Oregon Public Defense Services (OPDS) embark on the task to collect and analyze quantitative data relating to the regularity of non-unanimous verdicts.MethodologyData was collected from the Oregon juridic Information Network (OJIN)Calendar YearFelony jury trials that reached the verdict wooden leg20078332008588 integral1421Calendar YearIndigent Appeal Request20073202008342Total662 (out of 1421)The 662 appeals represented 46.5% of all felony jury trials, which was divided into three groups and was classified by jury verdict form, the judgment and transcript recordation of the polling of the ju ry.Unanimous jury verdictNon-Unanimous jury verdictUnclear from recordsFindings65.5% of all cases included a non-unanimous verdict on at least one count.27 out of 833 felony jury trials in Oregon for 2007 resulted in a hung jury, yielding a hung jury rate of 3.2%.15 out of the 588 felony jury trials Oregon for 2008 resulted in a hung jury, yielding a hung jury rate of 2.5%.ConclusionThe data indicated that non-unanimous juries occur with great frequency in felony trials throughout the state. If we were to assume that all in the unknown cases, where polling was not conducted, and unanimity was the result, non-unanimity would still be present in over 40% of all felony jury verdicts. Oregon juries are a great deal utilizing the non-unanimous option (Office of Public Defense Services, Apellate Divison, 2009).Too frequently, however, juries acquit contendly guilty defendants, convict obviously guilty defendants of much lesser offenses, fail to deliberate sufficiently, or fail to reach a verdict in cases with fire evidence.MethodologyThe data for this research were obtained through policy analysis such as precedent cases and constitutional laws from legal briefs. Quantitative data was constructed into charts to show amaze rates for murder, spirited rape and armed robbery in the year of 2007 and 2008. The charts also represent the headroom rate of those particular offenses and the percent change from 2007 to 2008. Additional states were included into the charts with Louisiana and Oregon to see if on that point is a engagement in arrest rates and clearance rate in the immediately surrounding states. All quantitative data was collected from the federal official dresser of Investigations Uniform detestation Report. Various case studies and professional person opinions were collected through scholarly Criminal Justice and Law daybook articles. The data begins from 1997 to 2009 because election time was approaching and this issue has been repeatedly laborious to be amended to reverse the non-unanimity rule in Louisiana and Oregon.DataThe following charts represent the arrest rates for violent crimes (Murder, Forcible Rape and Armed Robbery) in Louisiana and Oregon non-unanimous states and the immediate four surrounding state that require unanimity. Each given number was computed to show the percentages. federal dresser of Investigations Uniform abhorrence Report Arrest Rates 2007 maulFORCIBLE RAPEarm robberyTOTAL VIOLENT CRIMESLouisianaNon-Unanimous242 (3.0%)324 (4.0%)1,119 (14.0%)8,014MississippiUnanimous83 (4.6%) one hundred thirty-five (7.5%)545 (30.5%)1,789ArkansasUnanimous60 (2.0%)143 (4.9%)416 (14.2%)2,937TexasUnanimous759 (2.3%)1,947 (5.8%)7,593 (23.0%)33,309okehUnanimous183 (3.2%)319 (5.6%)793 (14.0%)5,665OregonNon-Unanimous82 (1.67%)294 (6.0%)1,173 (23.8%)4,938WashingtonUnanimous115 (1.5%)770 (10.1%)1,915 (25.1%)7,616NevadaUnanimous151 (2.7%)186 (3.3%)1,739 (31.1%)5,595IdahoUnanimous33 (2.3%)114 (7.8%)74 (5.1%)1,457California Unanimous2,022 (1.6%)2,141 (1.7%)21,064 (17.0%)124,293*Includes arrest rates for all ages (18 and younger and 19 and older)* shareages are locomote up to the coterminous factor*Violent crimes are offenses of murder and nonnegligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault. solution Adapted by United States Department of Justice federal official Bureau of Investigations, September 2009.Federal Bureau of Investigations Uniform Crime Report Arrest Rates 2008MURDERFORCIBLE RAPE gird ROBBERYTOTAL VIOLENT CRIMESLouisianaNon-Unanimous183 (2.0%)238 (2.6%)1,035 (11.2%)9,236MississippiUnanimous135 (6.9%)165 (8.5%)572 (29.4%)1,946ArkansasUnanimous118 (2.5%)194 (4.1%)623 (13.1%)4,749TexasUnanimous863 (2.5%)2,034 (5.9%)8,199 (23.9%)34,235OklahomaUnanimous one hundred sixty (2.7%)316 (5.3%)831 (14.0%)5,956OregonNon-Unanimous95 (2.0%)276 (5.7%)1,187 (24.5%)4,844WashingtonUnanimous104 (1.5%)675 (9.7%)1,637 (23.6%)6,943NevadaUnanimous11 (.17%)31 (.48%)369 (56.2%)6,516IdahoUnan imous14 (.98%)102 (7.2%)97 (6.8%)1,425CaliforniaUnanimous1,850(1.48%)2,088 (1.67%)22,391(17.9%)125,235*Includes arrest rates for all ages (18 and younger and 19 and older)*Percentages are rounded up to the next factor*Violent crimes are offenses of murder and nonnegligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault. extension Adapted by United States Department of Justice Federal Bureau of Investigations, September 2009.The following charts represent the clearance rates for violent crimes (Murder, Forcible Rape and Armed Robbery) in Louisiana and Oregon non-unanimous states and the immediate four surrounding state that require unanimity.Federal Bureau of Investigations Uniform Crime Report Clearance Rate 2007MURDERFORCIBLE RAPE build up ROBBERYLouisianaNon-Unanimous14.232.4141.7MississippiUnanimous7.135.698.2ArkansasUnanimous6.744.7106.7TexasUnanimous5.935.3162.2OklahomaUnanimous6.143.193.2OregonNon-Unanimous1.933.576.4WashingtonUnanimous2.740.693.6NevadaUnanimous7 .542.7270.2IdahoUnanimous3.338.515.5CaliforniaUnanimous5.824.2188.8*Per 100,000 persons*Populations are U.S. Census Bureau provisional estimates as of July 1, 2008 and July 1, 2007Source Adapted by United States Department of Justice Federal Bureau of Investigations, September 2009.Federal Bureau of Investigations Uniform Crime Report Clearance Rate 2008MURDERFORCIBLE RAPEARMED ROBBERYOregonNon-Unanimous2.230.569.7WashingtonUnanimous2.940.196.9NevadaUnanimous6.342.4248.9IdahoUnanimous1.536.215.8CaliforniaUnanimous5.824.2188.8LouisianaNon-Unanimous11.927.9135.9MississippiUnanimous8.130.3102.6ArkansasUnanimous5.744.895.8TexasUnanimous5.632.9155.2OklahomaUnanimous5.840.2101.1*Per 100,000 persons*Populations are U.S. Census Bureau provisional estimates as of July 1, 2008 and July 1, 2007Source Adapted by United States Department of Justice Federal Bureau of Investigations, September 2009.Federal Bureau of Investigations Uniform Crime Report Percent tack from 2007 to 2008 Clearance Ra teMURDERFORCIBLE RAPEARMED ROBBERYLouisianaNon-Unanimous-15.6-13.9-4.1MississippiUnanimous+13.2-15.0+4.5ArkansasUnanimous-15.8+9.2-10.2TexasUnanimous-4.9-6.7-4.3OklahomaUnanimous-5.2-6.6+8.4OregonNon-Unanimous+11.1-8.9-8.8WashingtonUnanimous+9.6-1.3+3.6NevadaUnanimous-16.2-.08-7.9IdahoUnanimous-53.8-6.2+1.8CaliforniaUnanimous-5.7-1.8-2.2*Per 100,000 persons*Populations are U.S. Census Bureau provisional estimates as of July 1, 2008 and July 1, 2007Source Adapted by United States Department of Justice Federal Bureau of Investigations, September 2009.FindingsThe following charts represent the averages of the data collected in percentages.Comparison of 2007 and 2008 Arrest and Clearance Rates**All averages were rounded to the hot tenths.Arrest and Clearance in 2007 and 2008 were fairly even within each state with the exception of Idaho. Idaho is the only state that shows a true come down in arrest from 2007 to 2008 with a trending increase in clearance.The Percent Change in Clearanc e Rate between 2007 and 2008Idaho had a major decrease in clearance rate which is a unanimous state and Oregon a non-unanimous state had the least decrease in clearance rateComparison of 2007 and 2008 Arrest and Clearance Rates**All averages were rounded to the nighest tenths.Louisiana and Arkansas has a small decrease in arrest rates from 2007 and 2008 but also has a decrease in clearance rate from 2007 to 2008. Overall there are no major differences from 2007 to 2008 in Arrest and Clearance.The Percent Change in Clearance Rate between 2007 and 2008Majority of the states had a decrease in clearance from the year of 2007 to 2008 meaning more defendants were being convicted of criminal charges. Mississippi had a minor increase in defendants not being convicted from 2007 to 2008. Overall, Louisiana had the highest decrease, which shows approximately 20% difference versus the non-unanimity states.ConclusionIn conclusion, the relationship between the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendme