Definition and Examples of Lowercase Letters in English

In the printed alphabet  and orthography, the term lowercase  (sometimes spelled as two words) refers to small letters (a,b,c . . .) as distinguished from capital letters (A,B,C . . . ). Also known as  minuscule  (from Latin  minusculus, rather small). The writing system of English (as in most Western languages) uses a dual alphabet or  bicameral script--that is, a combination of lowercase and uppercase letters. By convention, lowercase is generally used for the letters in all words except for the initial letter in  proper nouns  and in words that begin sentences. (For exceptions, see Names With Unusual Capitalization, below.) Origin and Evolution of Lowercase Letters Originally, lower case letters stood by themselves. Their forms derived from the penned Carolingian minuscule. The upper and lower case letters received their present form in the Renaissance. The serifs of the capitals, or upper case letters, were adapted to those of the lower case alphabet. The capitals are based on an incised or chiseled letter; the lower case characters are based on a pen-written calligraphic form. Now the two kinds of letters appear together. (Jan Tschichold, Treasury of Alphabets and Lettering. Norton, 1995)Upper and lower case? The term comes from the position of the loose metal or wooden letters laid in front of the traditional compositors hands before they were used to form a word—the commonly used ones on an accessible lower level, the capitals above them, waiting their turn. Even with this distinction, the compositor would still have to mind their ps and qs, so alike were they when each letter was dismantled from a block of type and then tossed back into the compartments of a tray. (Simon Garfield, True to Type: How We Fell in Love With Our Letters. The Observer, October 17, 2010) Names With Unusual Capitalization Several coinages provide a new look to English spelling, especially with names. We have never seen anything before quite like the use of a lower-case initial for a brand-name, as in iPod, iPhone, iSense and eBay, or airline companies such as easyJet and jetBlue, and it is not yet clear how to handle them, especially when we want one of these words to begin a sentence. There are precedents for introducing a capital in the middle of a word (as in such names as McDonalds and chemical substances such as CaSi, calcium silicate), but brand names have hugely increased its everyday visibility, as seen in AltaVista, AskJeeves, PlayStation, YouTube and MasterCard. (David Crystal, Spell It Out. Picador, 2012)Brand names or names of companies that are spelled with a lowercase initial letter followed by a capital letter (eBay, iPod iPhone, etc.) need not be capitalized at the beginning of a sentence or heading, though some editors may prefer to reword. This departure from Chicagos former usage re cognizes not only the preferred usage of the owners of most such names but also the fact that such spellings are already capitalized (if on the second letter). Company or product names with additional, internal capitals (sometimes called midcaps) should likewise be left unchanged. (​The Chicago Manual of Style, 16th ed.The University of Chicago Press, 2010)  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹ Xerox or xerox? The dropping of the capital letter of the trademark is one piece of certain evidence that the trademark has indeed become generic...The OED [Oxford English Dictionary] lists XEROX both as capitalized, and in lower case, as well as a trademark and generic term: a proprietary name for photocopiers . . . also used loosely to denote any photocopy (20: 676). This definition points out clearly that xerox, either capitalized or in lower case, is used throughout the population as both a proper adjective and as a noun. (Shawn M. Clankie, Brand Name Use in Creative Writing: Genericide or Language Right? in Perspectives on Plagiarism and Intellectual Property in a Postmodern World, ed. Lise Buranen and Alice M. Roy. SUNY Press, 1999)A good rule to follow is that most trademarks are adjectives, not nouns or verbs. Use trademarks as modifiers as in Kleenex tissues or Xerox copiers. Similarly, trademarks are not verbs--you can copy on a Xerox machine, but you cannot xerox anything.(Jill B. Treadwe ll, Public Relations Writing. Sage, 2005) Pronunciation: lo-er-KAS Alternate Spellings: lower case, lower-case

Voice of Freedom Notes Essay - 2481 Words

Chapter 7 40. Petition of the Inhabitants West of the Ohio River. Ohioans that petitioned to Congress about the monopolizing of acreage by private companies on the frontier after the War of Independence, the farmers also asked for â€Å"vacant lands† 41. James Madison, The Federalist, No. 51 To generate support for the Constitution, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay composed 85 essays under Publius in The Federalist. The security of liberty and power balanced power lies in the nation’s size and diversity. 42. James Winthrop on the Anti-Federalist Argument. He insisted that large states would later turn to enforcing uniformity. He also opposed the Constitution and advised a Bill of Rights be drafted to avoid tyranny,†¦show more content†¦55. Henry David Thoreau, Walden An account of Thoreau’s experiences in his cabin during his retreat to the wilderness from society. Thoreau believed the Market revolution to be degrading to the Americans values and the Natural environment and that Americans should pace a life more attuned to the rhythms of Nature. Freedom lied not in the amount of goods accumulated but within. 56. Charles G. Finney, â€Å"Sinners Bound to Change Their Own Hearts† Finney warned of hell vividly who promised salvation to converts. He rejected the notion of man as a sinful creature with a preordained fate. He instated every person had a choice to lead a Christian life and a life of sin. 57. Orestes Brownson, â€Å"The Laboring Classes† Brownson blamed the wage labor and poverty as the problem of economic independence. He directly challenged the individual improvement that Emerson proposed. Chapter 10 58. â€Å"The Memorial of the Non-Freeholders of the City of Richmond† Men that didn’t possess enough land to vote held a meeting in Richmond. 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Japanese Keiretsu free essay sample

Examines the management success of the keiretsu and the business it is applied to. Summarizes the challenges facing Japanese industry in the near future. Includes three pages of tables and figures. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Following the 1994 downturn in the Japanese economy, the Japanese kereitsu are facing hard times. However, those economic analysts and members of the news media who are tempted to write them off as dinosaurs are making a mistake. There are many observers who feel that the keiretsu are more viable than ever, and there is much research that confirms this point. This article looks at some of the current research concerning the management success of kereitsu as well as some of the modern industries that this uniquely Japanese system of business organization is being applied to. Rather than dealing exclusively with the auto industry, this report looks at a number of concepts all based on the thinking of the relatively new discipline of Economic Sociology. We will write a custom essay sample on Japanese Keiretsu or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A summary of challenges for

The Crucible Essay Abigail Example For Students

The Crucible Essay Abigail Justice Systems In The Puritan SocietiesJustice systems have changed greatly over the years. In the Puritan justice system, much has been improved. In 1692, in the town of Salem, many people lose their lives or are punished unfairly due to their justice system. Justice to Puritans really is not justice at all; it is a quick fix to a complicated problem. In Arthur Millers The Crucible, the Puritan justice system is poorly illustrated due to the lack of evidence in trials, church influence in government, and in the setting. With the witch trials in Salem, the lack of evidence has a large effect on many peoples lives. Someone can accuse another of a crime, and in almost no time at all, there will be a trial in the town court. Not only those who are personally affiliated with the crime are affected, everyone in the town is touched also. When Putnam states, She cannot bear to hear the Lords name thats a sure sign of witchcraft, he jumps to conclusions about the girls being witches. Simply because he made this accusation, talk was stirred up in town. The townsfolk become highly agitated over this situation, and the scenario is blown completely out of proportion. Soon after this happens, trials dates are set. We will write a custom essay on The Crucible Abigail specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The church has a great deal of influence over the government in The Crucible. Sins and crimes are very closely connected; whereas, if one is committed, the other is likewise. Since the authority of the church, such as reverends are looked at as high and mighty these sinless people are also often the heads of, or have a lot of say in the towns government. At one point in the book, Reverend Hale declares: in my ignorance I find it hard to draw a clear opinion of them that come accused before the courtGod forbid such a one be changed, she Rebecca Nurse is mentioned somewhat He is saying Rebecca Nurses name was mentioned in court today, as if she involved with witch craft also. Reverend Hale is looked at as holy among the townsfolk, along with he plays a role in the towns court system. The towns religion and law are much alike, and very intertwined, which is believed to be best for this group of people. The setting in The Crucible helps to enhance the theme. The plot of this story makes the time, place, and general environment seem almost too perfect to be true. The witch trials take place in the spring of 1692, in Salem, Massachusetts. At this time, the ways of the Puritan justice system are completely acceptable, whereas public hangings and executions do not seem out of the ordinary. When Arthur Miller writes:they Puritans carried about an air of innate resistance, even of persecution So now they and their church found it necessary to deny any other sect its freedom, lest their New Jerusalem be defiled and corrupted by wrong ways and deceitful ideas They believed, in short, that they held in their steady hands the candle that would light the worldHe is remarking about the way of life and beliefs of Puritans. He says they will not let their new world be polluted with sin and crime, and the world will imitate their actions, depending on the way their society is ruled. The people of this time and era think their justice system is acceptable, and throughout the many scenes in the book, nothing is thought of as prodigious. Lack of evidence in trials, church influence in government, and the setting all compute up to an ineffective justice system in the Puritan society. It is unjust and unfair for the elders of this fellowship to change as many of the lives as they do with the justice system they have.