Critique of the medical research Essay

Introduction (2) What is the economic consumption of the plain? The purpose of this reflect is to demonstrate the various factors for the extensive pre-hospital stop in Afri butt-Ameri tin can with cunning myocardial infarct. An otherwise purpose of the moot is to demonstrate the manner in which perceive racism (experience of racial discrimination) affects the pre-hospital discipline. Is the purpose of the say understandably presented? The athletic field has demonstrated to a certain issue that several related factors such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as pagan background, medical insurance policy, movement of a witness (relative or a family member during the attack), marital status, general health status, presence of every(prenominal) systemic disease and perceived racism, do play a precise important office in prolonging the time period between the outpouring of the symptoms and hospitalization. However, further studies ar necessitate to provide more de tailed schooling about these factors.Problem Statement (5) What riddle was the airfield conducted to resolve? The essay was conducted to bound the factors associated with prolonged pre-hospital ride out in African-Americans with bully myocardial infarction than Whites. It was found that death due to cardiovascular disease claims were significantly higher(prenominal) in African-Americans than any other group. Besides, the hire was similarly conducted to demonstrate the extent to which perceived racism affects the pre-hospital moderate in African-Americans with crisp myocardial infarction. How is the problem important for nursing devote? discerning myocardial infarction is wiz of the main causes of death in both, men and women, existent in authentic countries. Fatalities due to cardiovascular disease argon significantly higher in African-Americans than any other racial group. The outcome following slap-up myocardial infarction varies depending on the rapidity at which with reperfusion therapy is provided. In this treatment intervention, the subscriber line supply to the heart is restored back to normal.Agents that chemically dissolve thrombi (clots formed indoors the blood vessels) or expand blood vessels (vasodilators) are administered. Besides, surgical procedures such as angioplasty (reconstruction of the blocked arterial blood vessel), catheterization (insertion of an inflatable balloon-tipped tubular device) or coronary artery bypass (grafting a section of a vein), whitethorn to a fault be performed to restore the blood supply to the cardiac tissues.Reperfusion therapy seems to be to the highest degree valuable when provided inside iodine hour following the development of symptoms and signs of myocardial infarction. agree in providing treatment may play an important fiber in increasing the morbidity and mortality rate rates of acute myocardial infarction. As African-Americans take longer time in attempting treatment for the symptom s and signs of acute myocardial infarction than Whites, the outcome will definitely be slight favorable in African-Americans. Hence, measures to lower delay times can be instituted in African-Americans with acute myocardial infarction. Is the problem statement clearly utter? Describe. The delay in seeking treatment for the symptoms and signs of acute myocardial infarction are longer in African-Americans than Whites. As the period between the t integrity-beginning of the symptoms and signs of acute myocardial infarction and institution of treatment plays a very critical routine on the outcome of the disorder, the specific factors associated with prolonged pre-hospital delay in African-Americans should be determined. The problem statement is clearly menti one and only(a)d.Research Question(s) What is the explore question? If non stated, what would you affirm the research question is? A tidy research question would be To pick up the causes or factors associated with prolong ed pre-hospital delay in African-Americans with acute myocardial infarction.Hypotheses What is the hypothesis? If not stated, what would you say the hypothesis is? From the teaching, it is clearly evident that African-Americans take longer time to seek emergency medical financial aid for acute myocardial infarction than whites. However, perceived racism (actual experience of racial discrimination) did not play an important role. submit Variables What are the independent and dependent uncertains? Or, if it is a descriptive or correlational design, what are the research variables? In this study, a descriptive design is used. To determine the factors associated with prolonged pre-hospital delays independent t tests and chi square toes tests were used. The independent variable includes ethnic group. The dependent variables include experience of racial discrimination, sex (males and females), presence of a witness, insurance, marital status, etc.Review of Literature In what sort (s) does the belles-lettres review support the consume for this study? The literature obtained during the study maven demonstrates the various factors that may prolong the pre-hospital delay in African-Americans. These factors are tho not specific to the African-American group only. Further studies are demand to show how similar factors could play a role in prolonging the pre-hospital delay in other racial groups. Does the review of literature guide you to the study? The review of the literature does guide to the study. The review demonstrates the flow relative incidence and mortality scenario of acute myocardial infarction in the African-American race. It also demonstrates the need for immediate reperfusion treatment. The study also shows how exclusives of the African-American race are at a greater risk of developing acute myocardial infarction than Whites. However, more details need to be provided. atomic number 18 there exist gaps in the literature set by the author(s )? No, the gaps in the literature are not identified by the author. The author could birth also move to study other factors that could play an important role in prolonging pre-hospital delays such as educational levels, socio-economic status, urban/rural divide, etc.Theoretical/conceptual Frame pee-pee Does the study have a conceptual or conjectural modeling? If so, briefly describe the model or framework? The study is ground on a conceptual framework. The framework describes several factors associated with prolonged pre-hospital delay such as ethnic group, sex, general health status, insurance status, marital status, etc. These variables cannot be clearly defined, and only the possible role they play, can be described. Is a rationale stated for the conceptual/ overchargeive framework? Explain The various factors associated with prolonged pre-hospital delay include sex, ethnic group, general health status, insurance position, etc. As these cannot be clearly defined and only t heir possible roles are defined, a conceptual framework is suggested.Ethodological aspects Research design What study design is used? A descriptive design is organism used. In what way(s) is the design used an leave one? The author is justifying a phenomenon. Certain variables are macrocosm studied which can be determined earlier and later in time. Were pilot study findings used to design the major(ip) study?No, pilot studies were not beingness used. However, references were being do to previous studies. shout and describe at to the lowest degree cardinal threats to the internal hardiness of the study design. The two threats to the internal validity of the study design include history threat (in which some historical event has occurred which makes the individual aware) and testing threat (in which some form of pretest may make the individual aware of any similar tests in future). Name and describe at least two threats to the external validity of the study design. Three threats to the external validity of the study design include antithetical people (results of the study may be due to unusual people), unlike places (were perhaps the educational background was different) or different time (at which the incidence of acute myocardial infarction were higher than normal). What are the extraneous variables in this study? How are they being controlled for in this study? The extraneous variables in this study are the time period between the onset of symptoms of acute myocardial infarction and provision of reperfusion therapy. African-Americans take significantly longer than whites in seeking treatment for the symptoms of acute myocardial infarction (3.2 hours to 2 hours). bulls eye Population, Sample, and Setting Who is the target population for the study? The target population of the study is African-Americans who had acute myocardial infarction. What take manner was used? Quota sampling is being used in this study. The stratums of the population th at have the criteria are selected. From this stratum, convenience or judgment is used to select the 64 subjects for the study. What are the hear inclusion and exclusion criteria? If not stated, what would you say they are?Inclusion criteria African-Americans, who had acute myocardial infarction, 18 years and older, who could understand and speak English, conscious and properly oriented, living as in their communities independently, had a steady circulatory system.Exclusion (not mentioned) Whites, individual below 18 years of age, non-English speaking, those who were not properly oriented. In what way(s) is the warning large enough? The study was reasonably large enough as it was conducted in 5 hospitals, in 2 areas of a state. In what way(s) is the sample representative of the population? The sample represents an important tract of the population. This group is one that acute myocardial infarction can occur. African-Americans are a major group of USA. Adults are being used in the study. Besides, English-speaking portion of the population is being studied. Is the setting permit for this study? Explain your answer. Yes, the settings are appropriate for this study. The study s being conducted within a month subsequently the individual had myocardial infarction. This ensures full recovery from the attack and also fresh memories of the event.Data Collection Describe data collection peter/measurement tools. Data was being collected by personal call into question a month after the acute myocardial infarction. In what way is the support for instrument validity and reliability adequate for use in this study? The study was being conducted on individuals who were alert, properly oriented, above 18 years of age and who could speak and understand English. The chance of the results being not reliable was less. However, some individuals may not exactly remember the pre-hospital delay. In what way(s) are the instruments used appropriate for this study? The instrum ents used were appropriate for the study, as about of the question being asked were based on general facts (such as marital status, insurance, general health status, etc). Describe procedures used for data collection. earlier conducting the study, approval had been sought from the appropriate institutional review add-in and all other participating groups. Then the patients who met the criteria were being selected, from 5 hospitals in 2 areas of the State. They were being studied from April, 2003 to June, 2004. The subjects were appropriately diagnosed for acute myocardial infarction based on the history, laboratory tests, ECG and a surgical intervention. They were interviewed within a month after the attack, to ensure that they had recovered in full, as well as not forgotten details of the event.Data Analysis Are the statistical tests used identified and the values reported? Yes, statistical tests are being used in this study, namely independent t tests and chi square tests. V alues were also being provided from the 2 groups being compared (namely males V. females, insured V. non-insured, single V. married, etc). Are the statistics appropriate for the level of measurement of each variable, sample size, sampling method, and research questions/hypotheses? Yes the statistics are appropriate for each variable, sample size, sampling method and research hypothesis. What is the level of statistical significance used in translation the study results? Was this stated or implied? The results have been interpreted to the 0.01 level, thus masking that they are reliable. This was implied.Ethical aspects Ethical issues What way(s) have the rights of human subjects been adequately saved during this study?The human subjects were being adequately protected during the study. No personal identity of any subject has been given. 3 out of the 64 chosen from the study were being allowed to opt out. The subjects were being adequate amount of time to fully recover from the a cute myocardial infarction. Besides, only individuals above the age of 18 and those who were conscious, alert and well-oriented were chosen.2. was the research approved and monitored by an Institutional Review get along with or similar ethics review committee? Yes, only after seeking prior approval from the appropriate institutional review board and all the participative groups, was the study being conducted.Interpretive Aspects Discussion What are two major strengths of the scientific rigor of the study? The two major strengths of the scientific rigor of this study includes-The sampling method used was a quota sampling method, in which the stratums of the population that have the criteria are selected. From this stratum convenience or judgment is used to select the 64 subjects for the study.Independent t tests and chi square tests were being employed to study the several factors associated with prolonged pre-hospital delay. These were most appropriate in this case. Do the fig ures and tables illuminate the presentation of results? The figures give us an exact idea of the role each and every factor was playacting on the pre-hospital delay. The figures suggest that the findings are more reliable. Are study limitations identified? If so, what are the two major limitations of the scientific rigor of the study? The two major limitations of the scientific rigor of this study-The chances of errors in this study are high as the data collecting methods are not appropriate (subject may not remember the period of the pre-hospital delay).The factors associated with prolonged pre-hospital delays may not be specific to the African-American group.The study did not concentrate on several other associated factors such as socio-economic status, rural-urban divide, educational levels, etc. In what way(s) are the implications of the study findings appropriate? The study shows that the pre-hospital delay was longer than one hour. This meant that the individual was not red to benefit much from reperfusion therapy. The study also showed that perceived racism did not affect the pre-hospital delay much. What recommendations for nursing practice and future research have been made? Some of the recommendations that have been made include Educating the patients and their families.Lowering the pre-hospital time.Further research in studying the role of other associated factors.Summary and Conclusions In what way(s) are the terminations of the study appropriate? The study goes on to show the present state of affairs in African-Americans. As the pre-hospital delay was significantly longer than one hour, they are not qualifying to benefit much from reperfusion therapy (the benefits of such therapy is best when administered within an hour after the onset of symptoms and signs of acute myocardial infarction).Besides, the study has also suggested that only by means of adequate education and counseling of the patients and their families, could the outcome be im proved (to modify shorter pre-hospital delays). The study has not only shown, the various factors that play an important role in prolonging the pre-hospital delay, but has also suggested that such delays should be decreased in order to improve the benefits, prognosis and survival rates. Do the benefits of the study outstrip the risks? Yes, the benefits of the study definitely outweigh the risks. Many studies conducted in the past have shown that African-Americans take longer time than Whites to seek medical help for the symptoms of acute myocardial infarction. However, it is the first study that has demonstrated the various factors associated with prolonged pre-hospital delay in African-Americans.Presentation and Stylistic Aspects Title Does the rubric of the article accurately describe the study? In what way does it or does it not? The title describes the study. It demonstrates the various factors responsible for the prolonging the pre-hospital delay in African-American with th e symptoms of acute myocardial infarction. However, such factors may not be specific only to the African-American Community. They could even exist in other communities. Further studies are required to assess the role of similar factors on other communities and the role of other factors on the African-American community. Is the language used in the title graspable and in initializeive? Yes, the language used in the title is simple, understandable and informative. tangled words are seldom being used. Is the title clear and succinct? Yes, the title is clear and concise. It gives us an idea briefly of the problems and the factors the study is going to assess.Researcher Qualifications Are researcher(s) qualifications presented? Yes, the researches full qualifications are presented in the Abstract. Angela D. Banks is a Registered nourish and has completed her PhD. Kathleen Dracup is also a Registered Nurse and has done her DNSc (Doctor of Nursing Science). Are researcher(s) qualify to conduct the research? Justify your answer. Yes, both researchers are qualified to conduct research in this field. Emergency management of acute myocardial infarction requires appropriate Nursing Services. Evidence- base Nursing Management will help solve problems encountered by the nurses through-Identifying the problem using current and appropriate nursing information and practices.Searching relevant research data for a suitable optionStudying the option for evidence using criteria established.Choosing the most appropriate intervention.This study is conducted using scientific methods and current nursing knowledge. The conclusion suggested is also based on current medical evidence.Abstract Does the rook contain enough information about the study so the ratifier understands essence of article? Yes, the abstract contains enough information so as to give the reader an idea of the article. Does the abstract state the purpose of the study, problems investigated, research question o r hypothesis, study design and methods used, sample, instruments used, results or findings? Yes the abstract brieflTitle of Articley states the purpose of the study, problems investigated, research question, hypothesis, study design and methods used, sample, instruments used, results. It eve suggests ways the problem can be solved. Is the abstract 100 to 200 words in aloofness? The abstract is about 225 words in length and is roughly within its limits.Presentation Does the format of the article follow the research process? Yes, the format follows the research process. Is the article organized and sufficiently concise? No, the article is not well-organized. The article is concise. Is the article written using correct grammar and sentence organize? Yes, the grammar is reasonably correct and the sentence structure is normal. Do cited references appear in reference list? Yes, the references do appear in the list. Are cited references current? Some of the references are not current.R eferencesAllende, J.E. (2004), Rigor The essence of scientific work, Electron. J. Biotechnol, vol. 7, no. 1.http//www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0717-34582004000100001&script=sci_arttext&tlng=enBanks, A.D. and Dracup, K. (2006), Factors associated with prolonged prehospital delay of African Americans with acute myocardial infarction., Am J Crit Care, vol. 15, no. 2, March.http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16501134&dopt=Abstracthttp//goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-5363827/Factors-associated-with-prolonged-prehospital.htmlEmden, C. and Hancock, H. (1996), Oral presentation Scientific rigor and qualitative research, Online, getablehttp//www.cochrane.org/colloquia/abstracts/adelaide/ADELO218.htm, Accessed 2006, October 31.Gurtwiz, J.H. et al (1997), Delayed Hospital Presentation in Patients Who Have Had Acute Myocardial Infarction, Annals of Int Med, vol. 126, no. 8, 15th April, pp. 593-599.http//www.annals.org/cgi/content/abstract/126/8/59 3?ck=nckIndiana University (2001), Unit 4 Descriptive Designs, Online, on tap(predicate)http//www.indiana.edu/educy520/topic_intro/520topic_4.htmldesigns, Accessed 2006, October 31.JJEC (1998), Glossary, Online, Availablehttp//www.jrsa.org/jjec/resources/definitions.html, Accessed 2006, October 31.Stat Pac (1997), Survey Sampling Methods, Online, Availablehttp//www.statpac.com/surveys/sampling.htm, Accessed 2006, October 31.Trochim, WM.K. (2006), External Validity, Online, Availablehttp//www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/external.htm, Accessed 2006, October 31.Trochim, WM.K. (2006), Single Group Threats, Online, Available http//www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/intsing.htm, Accessed 2006, October 31.University of Minnesota (2001), Evidence Based Nursing, Online, Availablehttp//evidence.ahc.umn.edu/ebn.htm , Accessed 2006, October 31.