Surface Tension of Deionized Water | Experiment

Surface Tension of Deionized weewee essayationAbstractSurface latent hostility of deionized body of weewee system was measured across a range of 0 ml to 4.8 ml of dickens different compounds by dropping a solute onto a cent until the near tension was broken. The perplexity in the measurements change between 0.02 0.11 for grain wampum and 0.6 0.14 for t open common flavour. reservoir t adapteds and charts were developed using the experimental data.IntroductionWater is very of import to altogether biological systems on Earth and is one of the much funny molecules. Without it life on Earth, or possibly on other(a) pla concludings, could non exist. The molecular structure of water supply is what makes it so unique. Water is a diametrical covalent molecule meaning that one part of the molecule can buoy have a positive charge and the other part a negative charge. Because water is a incomp cedeely polar molecule it possesses galore(postnominal) important biolo gical characteristics that make it crucial to creating and maintaining life on Earth. (Conway, A, et al.)The partial polarity of water is important as it allows soluble polar molecules and loft compounds to dissolve in it, such as net profit and salt. This allows fundamental biological reactions to occur which ar crucial to life. Another important characteristic of water is atomic number 1 bonding. This is a weak bond that forms between hydrogen atoms and other nearby atoms. This bond is established between the negatively charged oxygen atom of a water molecule and the positively charged hydrogen atoms of another nearby water molecule. (Conway, A, et al.)Hydrogen bonds too display two other characteristics which are cohesion and originate tension. Surface tension is outlined as the expression of the dareance which liquids show in response to an add in their line up area. This is caused by the strong attraction of molecules of the same variant in the surface layer of the l iquid which is called cohesion. Cohesion causes the liquid to move as if it were covered in a thin membrane downstmelodic phrases tension. This is a result of the molecules in the interior of the liquid interacting equally with molecules from all human faces, while oxygen molecules at the surface of the liquid are solitary(prenominal) affected by the molecules below it. The stronger surface bonds generate a net inward force, pulling the surface molecules toward the middle of a droplet of liquid which causes the molecules to resist being pulled apart. (University of Hawaii)As gravity presses down on a droplet of liquid, the viscous forces at heart the liquid are stronger than the force of gravity within the secondary surface area which allows the droplet to hold its shape. As more droplets are added to the surface area the more molecules are added and the larger the droplets surface area becomes. As the size of the surface area increases, the amount of force that gravity exert s on the surface of the droplet as well as increases. As more molecules are added to the droplet, the sticky forces in grimace the liquid entrust struggle to hold its shape. The force of gravity will eventually overpower the cohesive forces within the liquid and the droplet will break. implement/Method/ProcedureFor this experiment the following apparatuses and compounds were usedDeionized water at room temperaturegranulate shekelsTable saltOne pennyOne 1.0 ml sprayPlastic instillsToothpicksPaper towelsAbout 30 ml of deionized water was added to 5 plastic transfuses and numbered 1 through 5. In the first cup the deionized water was left just as it is. In the second through the fifth cups, granulated sugar was added in multiples of near 1.2 ml. The sugar mixture in each cup was swirled and mixed with a toothpick until fully dissolved. One further cup filled with about hundred ml of deionized water was overly used for rinsing the syringe. transfuse listDeionized WaterGranul ated Sugar Added (multiples of about 1.2 ml)130 ml0230 ml1330 ml2430 ml3530 ml4One newer looking penny was washed thoroughly with hot water, dried completely with a paper towel and placed on a flat work surface. The syringe was consequently filled completely to the 1.0 ml line using the first cup of deionized water. The water was in that locationfore released from the syringe onto the surface of the penny drop by drop until the surface tension broke and the water spilled over the side of the penny. The amount of liquid used right up until the surface tension broke was then recorded for each cup. The amount of times the syringe needed to be filled for each cup was also recorded.This was then repeated five times for each cup with change magnitude amounts of granulated sugar. The penny was rinsed in hot water between each cup. The syringe was also rinsed out between each cup from the extra cup of deionized water. The same side of the penny was used throughout the experiment to ma nipulate continuity.The entire experiment was then carried out again using increasing multiples of table salt.Results and Discussion Granulated SugarJust Water1.2 ml2.4 ml3.6 ml4.8 mlNo. Times Syringe alterloving cup 11.521.651.661.451.452Cup 21.551.621.651.51.522Cup 31.571.671.611.51.452Cup 41.591.591.51.41.422Cup 51.31.661.551.411.4527.538.197.977.267.27 /51.511.641.591.541.450.110.090.060.040.02Table 1 Results of granulated sugar experiment.The determine of each set of cups were added together to get the mean or . The warmheartedness was then divided by 5, which is the number of tests that were conducted from each cup, to get an reasonable number for each set of tests. In exampleJust water-granulated sugar experiment-1.521.551.571.591.30 /5 = 1.5061.51 wholed was then subtracted from each cup result- 1.52 (1.51 = 0.00011.55 (1.51 = 0.00161.57 (1.51 = 0.00361.59 (1.51 = 0.00641.30 (1.51 = 0.0441The square resolve of sum over 4 was then done to get the normal deviation or .SoThis was then repeated for all cups with the results listed on tables 1 and 2.TableSaltJust Water1.2 ml2.4 ml3.6 ml4.8 mlNo. Times Syringe FilledCup 11.511.51.371.31.42Cup 21.751.461.391.21.452Cup 31.431.251.31.241.352Cup 41.671.451.431.351.32Cup 51.431.451.271.351.2527.797.156.766.446.75 /51.591.431.351.291.350.140.10.060.060.07Table 2 Results of table salt experiment.The pooled sample variant was then taken for both the granulated sugar and the table salt. first base all the squared readings were added together and then divided by 24Granulated Sugar Table salt The sum was then square rooted to get the pooled standard deviation.Pooled Standard ErrorPooled T StatisticGranulated Sugar Table salt Graph 1 Results of granulated sugar experiment.Graph 2 Results of table salt experiment.1. What effect(s) are the solutes having on the surface tension of water?The surface tension results for the granulated sugar experiment varied depending on how much sugar was in each cup. interest ingly the highest surface tension results were from cups 2 and 3. The higher surface tension of the sugar may result from how substantially the sugar was dissolved in the water as it was much harder to dissolve than the table salt.As expected, the table salt results in each cup showed a slight decrease in the surface tension of the water compared with the plain distilled water.2. be your findings consistent and reproducible?A consistent water temperature was maintained throughout the experiment as well as using the same penny and the same side of the penny. Results were slightly inconsistent from the same cup but this could be attributed to how distant past I was holding the syringe from the penny and how fast I was dropping the water. The inconsistencies were very minimal and the results can be reproduced inside the strand of error.3. posterior you explain the scientific basis for any effects observe?Depending on the compound added to the water it will either, cause a brin g low surface tension by depleting the surface molecules at the water air interface, or make the bonds stronger by pulling more molecules toward the middle of the droplet which increases the water air interface.As the sugar was harder to dissolve in the water, the solute concentrated more on the surface thereby making the bonds stronger. The negative result from the salt can be attributed to the salt staying in the solute rather than concentrating on the surface.4. Are there alternative explanations?None that I can find.5. Does the chemical genius of the solute matter?Some liquids have stronger cohesive forces than others. Water molecules have nearly of the strongest cohesive forces due to being a polar covalent molecule. The stronger the cohesive bonds are inside the liquid, the larger a droplet will be able to grow before it is overcome by the force of gravity.6. Do your results see with the same or similar measurements that you might find in the lit?The results of this experim ent came out as expected according the literature in provided to us as well as in the citations both with the varied results of the granulated sugar and the generally descending results of the table salt.7. Are there any sources of inaccuracy or potential flaws in the methodology used? Can you suggest modifications to the experimental protocol in the light of your evaluations? How far away the syringe was held from the penny as well as how fast the drops were let either increased or decreased the surface tension. How well the penny was cleaned in between each test could also affect the surface tension. To improve the results a drop counter could be used which scarce controls the amount of liquid in each drop as well as the time between drops.8. Link your work to the concepts introduced in the canonical passage of this experimental brief. Think about how the results might have relevancy to the initial formation of life, and reflect on how they relate to the module materials in Sect ions 1 to 6. ie discuss the experiment in the context of Astrobiology. Water is crucial to the formation of life on Earth as its able to dissolve many common substances making known as the oecumenical solvent. This is important as reactants must be dissolved in water for most biological reactions to occur. The hydrogen bonds formed by water are also important as they can be found in the DNA of many living organisms as it helps to keep the DNA set up together. The high surface tension of water and its cohesive properties of water allow trees and plants to pull water up from their roots to their leaves. This same process is also essential for blood transport in animals. For life to form on other planets it can be assumed that it will need a solvent like water to enable chemical reactions and to transport materials. (Conway, A, et al.) closedownOverall the experiment succeeded in showing that the strength of a cohesive bond inside the solute is dependent upon which compound is dissol ved in it. It also showed that the cohesive bond in the surface tension of the solvent is also effected by how much of the compound was dissolved in the solute. Differences existed in the experimental data of the granulated sugar and the table salt, however, these can be accounted for by experimental error.Bibliography Conway, A, et al. 2003. Origin of Life. 2003. In Rothery, Gilmour and Sephton (eds). An Introduction to Astrobiology. pp. 3-15, 8-10. Cambridge University Press.University of Hawaii. 2017. Types of Covalent Bonds frigid and Nonpolar. ONLINE Available at https//manoa.hawaii.edu/exploringourfluidearth/?q=chemical/properties-water/types-covalent-bonds-polar-and-nonpolar. Accessed 27 February 2017.Shakhashiri . 2011. Water. ONLINE Available at http//scifun.chem.wisc.edu/CHEMWEEK/PDF/COW-Water-Jan2011.pdf. Accessed 27 February 2017.